Fig. 1.

Allele frequency changes in the first 5 generations. The trajectories of beneficial mutations with s = 0.1 in three models showing that the frequency of beneficial alleles increases faster from generation 1 to generation 2 if there is a selective advantage in the red-blood-cell stages in the human host (i.e., the host selection and host/transmission selection models). The 5 differently colored lines represent independent replicates with the same initial frequency.