Table 1.

Paraneoplastic disorder etiologies

Clinical presentation	Most Frequent Tumors	Associated Antibodies
Limbic encephalitis and Encephalopathy	Small cell lung cancer, testicular cancer, thymoma, teratoma	Anti-Hu (ANNA-1), anti-Yo (PCA-1), anti-Ri (ANNA-2), ANNA-3, anti-Ma1, anti-Ma2, anti-amphiphysin, anti-CRMP5, anti-NMDA (and other neuropil antibodies), anti-VGKC, nicotinic ganglionic AChR autoantibody
Cerebellar degeneration	Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer, Hodgkin disease	Anti-Yo (PCA-1), anti-Hu (ANNA-1), anti-Ri (ANNA-2), anti mGluR1, anti-VGCC, anti-Ma1, anti-CRMP5(CV2)
Opsoclonus-myoclonus	Neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer, breast	Anti-Ri (ANNA-2), anti-Yo (PCA-1), anti-Hu (ANNA-1), anti-Ma1, anti-Ma2,anti-amphiphysin, anti-CRMP5(CV2)
Stiff-person syndrome/PERM	Breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, Hodgkin disease	Anti-amphipysin, anti-GAD, anti-glycine, anti-Ri (ANNA-2)
Motor neuron disease	Lymphoproliferative disorders, small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer	Anti-Hu (ANNA-1), anti-Yo(PCA-1), anti-SGPS, anti-gangliosides GM1, GM2, GD1a and GD1b
Peripheral neuropathy	Small cell lung cancer, thymoma, lymphoproliferative disorders	Anti-Hu (ANNA-1), anti-CRMP5(CV2), anti-SGPS, anti-gangliosides GM1, GM2, GD1a and GD1b
Neuromyotonia	Thymoma, Hodgkin disease, small cell lung cancer	Anti-VGKC, anti-Hu (ANNA-1)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome	Small cell lung cancer	Anti-P/Q VGCC

CRMP = collapsin response mediator protein; NR, NMDA= N-methyl-D-aspartate; ANNA= antineuronal nuclear antibody; PCA= purkinje cell autoantibody; VGCC= voltage-gated calcium channels; GAD= glutamic acid decarboxylase; TULP1= tubby-like protein 1; PTB= polypyrimidine-tract binding; MAG= myelin-associated glycoprotein; SGPS= sulfated glucuronic acid paragloboside; VGKC= voltage-gated potassium channels; PERM = progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus; AChR = acetylcholine receptor

Modified from Toothaker and Rubins, Neurologist, 2009.