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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014 Dec 4;21(4):309–319. doi: 10.1111/cns.12360

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Microglial activation in brain jury. Microglia are activated by brain injury such as ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury, which affect the polarization status of the cell. In brain injury, resting microglia (M) can be polarized to the M1 phenotype, or alternatively to the anti-inflammatory, pro-phagocytic M2 phenotype by the some of factors shown in the grey boxes. M1 microglia take part in the neuronal damage by elaborating pro-inflammatory molecules, whereas M2 microglia promote neuronal protection, and through phagocytic functions, set the stage for recovery and repair. While not extensively studied in brain injury, CD40 lead to the M1 phenotype, whereas CD45 turns this ‘off.’