Illustration of local shape differences (P values) between the APOE e4 noncarriers (e3/e3, N = 270) and heterozygous carriers (e3/e4, N = 189; a), between the APOE e4 noncarriers (e3/e3, N = 270) and homozygous carriers (e4/e4, N = 47; b), in the non-demented cohort. Nonblue colors show vertices with statistical differences, at the nomial 0.05 level, uncorrected. The overall significances after multiple comparisons with permutation test are P < 0.017 for (a) and P < 0.006 for (b).