Table 3.
Radio-opaque liquid stimuli used in studies exploring swallowing of different consistencies
| Author | Thin (opaque) | Nectar-thick (opaque) | Honey-thick (opaque) | Pudding-thick/Paste/Puree (opaque) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bingjie, Tong, Xinting, Jianmin, & Guijun [24] | Thin liquid barium | Applesauce mixed with barium | ||
| Bisch, Logemann, Rademaker, Kahrilas, Lazarus [22] | Liquid barium | Pudding-thick barium | ||
| Chen, Peele, Donati, Ott, Donofrio, & Gelfand [51] | 1:1 dilution of E-Z-HD (120 w/v, E-Z-EM) “with the viscosity of water” | Polibar (100% w/v, E-Z-EM) “with a viscosity similar to that of syrup” | Esophotrast barium paste (100% w/v) “with the consistency of pudding” | |
| dos Santos, Cassiani, & Dantas [20] | Bariogel 100% liquid barium sulfate | 30 ml of 100% liquid barium sulfate with 3 g of Nutilis thickener (Nutricia) | ||
| Goldfield, Smith, Buonomo, Perez, & Larson [17] | Barium sulfate diluted in a 50% ratio with 5% glucose in water to simulate human milk or formula | Liquid E-Z Paque, EZ-E-M | ||
| Ishida, Palmer, & Hiiemae [31] | E-Z-HD barium suspension diluted to 50% w/v ratio | 8 g of chicken spread (Underwood Chunky Chicken) mixed with a little Esophotrast barium paste | ||
| Kim & Han [21] | Liquid barium (barium sulfate, 140g/100mL) mixed equally with water. | |||
| Lee, Kim, Kim, & Lee [52] | 5 ml of l 140 g/100 ml liquid barium sulfate (Raydix) plus 100 ml of normal saline. | |||
| Lee, Sejdic, Steele, & Chau [32] | 40% w/v thin liquid barium suspension (prepared using water and Liquid Polibar™ barium, E-Z-EM) | Commercially pre-thickened nectar-thick apple juice (RESOURCE®, Novartis Nutrition) | ||
| Lin, Hsiao, Chang, Ting, Chen, Chen, & Wang [49] | Thin barium: 340 g E-Z-HD powder (E-Z-EM, Inc.) with 65 ml of water. | Paste barium: 15 ml of the thin barium preparation plus an additional 12 ml of E-Z-HD powder. | ||
| Linden, Tippett, Johnston, Siebens, & French [25] | Barosperse 50% “with a viscosity similar to water” | Esophotrast | ||
| Oommen, Kim, & McCullough [23] | A mixture of water and E-Z-HD barium sulfate powder with a viscosity of 14 mPa.s | A mixture of thickened juice and E-Z-HD barium sulfate powder with a viscosity of 187 mPa.s | ||
| Saitoh, Shibata, Matsuo, Baba, Fujii & Palmer [45] | Liquid barium (not specified) | |||
| Steele & Van Lieshout [29] | EZ-HD 8% w/w, 250% w/v barium suspension (density: 2.54 g/cc; yield stress: 0.338 Pa, viscosity: 351 mPa.s @ 25/s) | Novartis RESOURCE® Nectar-thick Apple juice mixed four parts to one with EZ-H-D 250% w/v barium sulfate powder (E-Z-EM Therapex): (density: 1.15 g/cc; yield stress: 1.055 Pa; viscosity: 863 mPa.s @ 25/s. | Novartis RESOURCE® Honey-thick Apple juice mixed four parts to one with EZ-H-D 250% w/v barium sulfate powder (E-Z-EM Therapex): (density: 1.13 g/cc; yield stress: 2.109 Pa; viscosity: 1541 mPa.s @ 25/s. | (Varibar Pudding-barium |
| Troche, Sapienza, & Rosenbek [50] | (Liquid E-Z Paque Barium Sulfate Suspension; 60% w/v, 41% w/w (E-Z-EM) | Sulfate Esophageal Paste, 230 ml 40% w/v, 30% w/w (E-Z-EM) |