Table B.3.
Enjoyment: means (SD) for ages 9–16, by zygosity and sex; and ANOVA results showing significance and effect size.
| Self-perceived ability (SPA) | Countries | School subjects | Zygosity | Sex
|
ANOVA
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MZ | DZss | Female | Male | Zygosity
|
Sex
|
Zygosity * sex
|
||||||
| p | η2 | p | η2 | p | η2 | |||||||
| 9 years | UK | Math | −.05 (.99) | .01 (1.02) | −.19 (.99) | .22 (.99) | .09 | .00 | .00 | .04 | .01 | .00 |
| English | .02 (1.00) | .04 (1.00) | .10 (.96) | −.09 (1.03) | .50 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | ||
| Science | .02 (.98) | .00 (.99) | −.04 (.97) | .07 (1.00) | .75 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .02 | .00 | ||
| Germany | Math | .07 (.99) | −.18 (1.05) | −.14 (1.00) | .04 (1.04) | .15 | .02 | .37 | .00 | .36 | .01 | |
| German | .07 (.91) | −.02 (.99) | .14 (.93) | −.12 (.98) | .09 | .02 | .11 | .01 | .54 | .01 | ||
| 10 years | Canada (Quebec) | Math | .00 (.99) | −.01 (1.02) | −.11 (1.00) | .12 (.99) | .94 | .00 | .06 | .01 | .96 | .00 |
| Reading | −.01 (.98) | .02 (1.03) | .01 (.98) | −.01 (1.03) | .83 | .00 | .78 | .00 | .60 | .00 | ||
| Japan | Math | .05 (.81) | −.06 (.79) | −.06 (.79) | .08 (.81) | .47 | .00 | .31 | .01 | .69 | .00 | |
| 11 years | Germany | Math | −.03(1.02) | −.09 (.95) | −.20 (.99) | .13 (.95) | .23 | .01 | .23 | .01 | .94 | .00 |
| German | .00 (.88) | −.04(1.04) | .09 (1.03) | −.14 (.93) | .59 | .00 | .46 | .00 | .84 | .00 | ||
| Japan | Math | .01 (.83) | −.01 (.73) | −.01 (.78) | .01 (.81) | .96 | .00 | .71 | .00 | .36 | .00 | |
| 12 years | UK | Math | −.02 (.99) | −.01 (.99) | −.16 (.96) | .18 (1.01) | .40 | .00 | .00 | .03 | .00 | .00 |
| English | .00 (1.00) | .02 (.95) | .14 (.96) | −.14 (.98) | .53 | .00 | .01 | .02 | .15 | .00 | ||
| Science | .00 (.99) | −.01 (.98) | −.01 (.98) | .02 (1.00) | .55 | .00 | .12 | .00 | .14 | .00 | ||
| Canada (Quebec) | Math | .06 (.96) | −.08 (1.05) | −.17 (.95) | .19 (1.02) | .16 | .01 | .00 | .04 | .68 | .00 | |
| Reading | .00 (.98) | .00 (1.03) | .01 (.98) | −.01 (1.02) | .95 | .00 | .82 | .00 | .66 | .00 | ||
| Japan | Math | −.05 (.91) | .10 (.86) | −.06 (.85) | .11 (.97) | .53 | .00 | .49 | .00 | .19 | .01 | |
| USA | Reading | −.00 (.72) | .00 (.63) | .08 (.67) | −.11 (.69) | .93 | .00 | .01 | .02 | .63 | .00 | |
| General School | .12 (3.06) | −.14 (3.21) | −.17 (3.02) | .23 (3.03) | .40 | .00 | .04 | .01 | .31 | .00 | ||
| 13 years | Germany | Math | −.02 (.96) | −.09 (1.09) | −.25 (1.03) | .14 (1.01) | .75 | .00 | .29 | .00 | .71 | .00 |
| German | .00 (.88) | −.04 (1.04) | .09 (1.03) | −.14 (.93) | .59 | .00 | .46 | .00 | .84 | .00 | ||
| Japan | Math | .04 (.83) | −.12 (.83) | −.16 (.81) | .21 (.77) | .27 | .01 | .02 | .05 | .89 | .00 | |
| 16 years | UK | Math | .00 (.97) | .03 (.95) | −.17 (.99) | .30 (.85) | .93 | .00 | .00 | .06 | .64 | .00 |
| Japan | Math | −.02 (.88) | .05 (.82) | −.18 (.87) | .22 (.80) | .98 | .00 | .08 | .03 | .45 | .01 | |
| Russia | Math | −.13 (1.07) | .14 (.87) | .00 (.94) | .11 (1.06) | .82 | .01 | .27 | .04 | .96 | .00 | |
Note. The results were adjusted for exact age within each sample. DZss = same sex DZ twins.
Significant differences in zygosity, sex and sex * zygosity interaction are indicated in bold.