Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Transl Sci. 2015 May 11;8(6):848–856. doi: 10.1111/cts.12282

Figure 3. Opioid Inactivation of Calcium Channels.

Figure 3

Opioids act on opioid receptors (μ, κ, δ, and opioid receptor-like receptor (ORL)) leading to the activation of G-proteins and both direct and indirect closing of ion channels. Activated G-proteins can directly close ion channels. Activated G-proteins also inactive adenylate cyclase, which, when activated, opens ion channels.