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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2015 Oct;156(10):1852–1863. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000204

Figure 3. Fracture caused an increase in spinal cord inflammatory mediator expression.

Figure 3

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene expression measured by real-time PCR (A) and protein levels determined by enzyme immunoassay (B-F) increased in rat spinal cord post-fracture. Values are means ± SE. One-way ANOVA (p < 0.001) with Bonferroni post hoc testing (A) and t-tests (B-F) *P< 0.05, ** P< 0.01 and *** P< 0.001 for FX (n=8) vs Control (n=8).