TABLE 3.
Differences in Mean Biomarkers by Racial/Ethnic Group, Daily Smokers Aged 18-35 Years: Hawaii, May 2013-December 2013
| Biomarkera | Total (n = 179), Mean (SE) | Native Hawaiian (n = 78), Mean (SE) | Filipino (n = 28), Mean (SE) | White (n = 73), Mean (SE) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted (model 1) | |||||
| Nicotine (ng/ml) | 64.5 (45.1) | 72.3 (15.4) | 34.7 (14.0) | 72.2 (113.9) | .03 |
| Cotinine (ng/ml) | 130.2 (7.7) | 146.6 (11.6) | 94.6 (22.6) | 128.7 (11.3) | .09 |
| Cotinine/CPD | 11.2 (0.95) | 10.5 (1.2) | 10.6 (1.9) | 12.3 (1.8) | .51 |
| 3HC | 28.8 (2.4) | 26.0 (2.9) | 18.7 (3.9) | 37.4 (4.4) | .001 |
| NMRe | 0.20 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.27 (0.02) | ≤ .001 |
| CO | 10.3 (0.53) | 11.9 (0.83) | 9.5 (0.97) | 9.2 (0.85) | .02 |
| Adjustedb (model 2) | |||||
| Nicotine (ng/ml) | 57.5 (45.1) | 70.6 (15.4) | 34.4 (14.0) | 78.3 (113.9) | .03 |
| Cotinine (ng/ml) | 116.4 (7.7) | 144.4 (11.6) | 87.4 (22.6) | 125.0 (11.3) | .07 |
| Cotinine/CPD | 11.0 (0.95) | 11.4 (1.2) | 9.8 (1.9) | 12.0 (1.8) | .62 |
| 3HC | 28.5 (2.4) | 29.2 (2.9) | 19.9 (3.9) | 39.7 (4.4) | .004 |
| NMRe | 0.21 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.02) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.30 (0.02) | ≤ .001 |
| CO | 10.0 (0.53) | 11.5 (0.83) | 9.2 (0.97) | 9.4 (0.85) | .13 |
| Adjustedc (model 3) | |||||
| Nicotine (ng/ml) | 53.0 (45.1) | 64.9 (15.4) | 33.3 (14.0) | 68.8 (113.9) | .07 |
| Cotinine (ng/ml) | 110.7 (7.7) | 136.7 (11.6) | 85.6 (22.6) | 115.9 (11.3) | .11 |
| Cotinine/CPD | 10.8 (0.95) | 11.2 (1.2) | 9.7 (1.9) | 11.7 (1.8) | .68 |
| 3HC | 26.7 (2.4) | 26.9 (2.9) | 19.9 (3.9) | 35.5 (4.4) | .02 |
| NMRe | 0.21 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.02) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.30 (0.02) | ≤ .001 |
| CO | 9.3 (0.53) | 10.7 (0.83) | 8.9 (0.97) | 8.5 (0.85) | .1 |
| Adjustedd (model 4) | |||||
| Nicotine (ng/ml) | 72.1 (45.1) | 81.5 (15.4) | 48.9 (14.0) | 94.3 (113.9) | .11 |
| Cotinine (ng/ml) | 132.4 (7.7) | 153.3 (11.6) | 107.8 (22.6) | 140.6 (11.3) | .26 |
| Cotinine/CPD | 7.9 (0.95) | 8.6 (1.2) | 6.8 (1.9) | 8.5 (1.8) | .48 |
| 3HC | 32.5 (2.4) | 30.9 (2.9) | 25.1 (3.9) | 44.0 (4.4) | .01 |
| NMRe | 0.23 (0.01) | 0.20 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.05) | 0.33 (0.02) | ≤ .001 |
| CO | 10.5 (0.53) | 12.0 (0.83) | 10.2 (0.97) | 9.6 (0.85) | .12 |
Note. 3HC = 3′ hydroxycotinine; BMI = body mass index; CO = carbon monoxide; CPD = cigarettes smoked per day; NMR = nicotine metabolite ratio.
a
All biomarker data are geometric means.
b
Geometric means adjusted for menthol, gender, and BMI.
c
Geometric means adjusted for menthol, gender, BMI, and Hispanic ethnicity.
d
Geometric means adjusted for menthol, gender, BMI, Hispanic ethnicity, and number of cigarettes smoked per day.
e
Ratio of 3HC/cotinine.