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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 19.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Neurosci. 2015 Oct 16;43(10):1298–1306. doi: 10.1111/ejn.13074

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Time course of effects of optogenetic stimulation of astrocytes in the posterior hypothalamus on percent wake, NREM and REM sleep. 10Hz stimulation began at the onset of the lights-off period (Zeitgeber time 12) and continued for 6h (1minute on, 4 minutes off). A repeated measures ANOVA determined significant effect of stimulation (0 versus 10Hz) for wake, NREM and REM sleep. There was also a significant effect of the time (ZT) for wake and NREM, but not for REM sleep. There was no interaction (time x treatment) effect for wake, NREM or REM sleep. Asterisk denotes significant difference with the 0Hz for that hour (Holm-Sidak post-hoc comparison; p<0.05). There was no effect of 5 and 30Hz stimulation on sleep (figure 5 and supplementary figure 1). 10Hz stimulation produced a progressive decrease in waking and increased NREM with a peak after 4h. REM sleep lagged but also peaked at 4h. The waxing and waning of sleep suggests a physiological response mediated by adenosine (see profile of adenosine in response to 6h of sleep deprivation in Blanco et al., 2006).