Table 1.

Description of consumer and community environment measures

Construct	Variable	Definition	Measurement
Consumer environment measures
Consumer nutrition environment	Healthy food availability (HFA) score	The nutrition audit was a modified version of the previously validated Nutrition Environment Measurement Survey in Stores (NEMS-S) instrument (Glanz et al., 2007) and included the following food and beverages: fruits, vegetables, bread, cereal, milk, beef, hot dogs, frozen dinners, juice, and soda. Availability was measured for all items; price was measured for bread and milk. The healthy food availability score was created using the NEMS-S scoring guidelines for the products included in the audit.	Continuous, (range 1–29)
Consumer tobacco environment	Interior tobacco marketing materials	Marketing materials were counted for all types of tobacco products (i.e. cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes). Interior tobacco marketing materials is the sum of branded tobacco ads, moveable product displays and functional items with tobacco product branding (e.g. clocks).	Continuous, (range 0–93)
	Exterior tobacco marketing materials	The sum of branded tobacco ads in the parking lot, on the property, and directly attached to the store exterior or on windows facing out.	Continuous, (range 0–44)
Consumer physical activity environment		The physical activity audit was conducted on street segments where the store was located. Street segment was defined as the road length between two intersections or between an intersection and a cul-de-sac or dead end road. The audit was modified from the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition (PIN3) Neighborhood Audit Instrument.(Evenson et al., 2009)
	Walk/bike score	Walk/bike score was created from the following items in the physical activity audit: sidewalk condition, number of lanes to cross, presence of bicycle lane, shoulder, walking trail, pedestrian friendly signals and street crossings, street lighting, and bicycle parking. A higher walk/bike score indicates an environment more favorable to walking and/or bicycling.	Continuous, (range 0.67–5.67)
	Physical incivility score	Physical incivility score was created from the following items in the physical activity audit: condition of public spaces, presence and condition of parks and playgrounds, and amount of litter. Items were reverse coded such that a higher score indicates a more favorable physical environment for physical activity.	Continuous, (range 0.67–5.1)
Store type	Chain supermarkets & warehouse clubs	Supermarkets were combined with warehouse clubs because there were few warehouse clubs and their nutrition and tobacco consumer measures were similar.
	Non-chain supermarkets	Supermarkets were further categorized into chain and non-chain by name recognition, and, if necessary, an internet search was conducted to determine chain status. Chain and non-chain supermarkets were distinguished because of the differences in their healthy food availability score. For store type the reference category was chain supermarkets.
	Convenience store with gas station
	Convenience store (without gas)
	Pharmacy/drug store
Community Environment Measures
Community nutrition environment	Low supermarket access	Low supermarket access was obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture Food Access Research Atlas and is defined as a “census tract where a significant number or share of individuals is far from a supermarket”. Defined as living farther than 1 mile from a supermarket for urban areas or 10 miles for rural areas.	Binary, Low food access vs. not low food access census tract
Community tobacco environment	Tobacco outlet density	Calculated based on the location of tobacco retail outlets found during field verification. In addition to the store types included in the sample, tobacco outlet density also included tobacco stores, beer wine and liquor stores, gas stations without convenience, and all other store types that sold tobacco.	Continuous, number of tobacco outlets per 1000 people in a census tract.
Community physical activity environment	Physical activity resource density	We defined a park as a public place set aside for physical activity and enjoyment. This definition did not include cemeteries, mobile home parks, historic sites, professional stadiums, country clubs, zoos, private parks, private facilities (such as stand-alone baseball or tennis facilities), or stand-alone recreation centers.	Continuous, number of physical activity resources per 1000 people in a census tract.
		Parks were assigned to census tracts using data from Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI™) supplemented by county GIS files from the Department of Parks and Recreation. Physical activity resources were located using 2011 data from ReferenceUSA and included both public (e.g., pools and community centers) and private activity resources (e.g., gyms and dance studios).