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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 16.
Published in final edited form as: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2015 Oct 28;26(4):397–404. doi: 10.1038/jes.2015.68

Table 1.

Effect of mode (cylcing vs. driving).

Pollutant (metric) Morning commute
% (95% CI) N P-value
BC (mean)   +13 (+3, +24) 315    0.009
BC (cumulative)   +92 (+56, +136) 315 < 0.0001
CO (mean)  − 19 (−25, − 12) 314 < 0.0001
CO (cumulative)    − 8 (−24, +11) 314    0.4
PM2.5 (mean)   +25 (+12, +39) 299 < 0.0001
PM2.5 (cumulative)   +96 (+68, +128) 299 < 0.0001
PNC (mean)   +41 (+3, +94) 110    0.03
PNC (cumulative) +123 (+58, +216) 110 < 0.0001

Abbreviations: BC, black carbon; CI, confidence interval; CO, carbon monoxide; PM2.5, particulate matter < 2.5 μm in diameter; PNC, particle number concentration. Within-person difference in personal exposure between driving and cycling routes using driving routes as the reference (positive values mean cycling is higher).