Table 5.

Factors associated with food insecurity and excess of body weight among low-income urban African-American families with children

	Household
	Food Insecurity†				Excess Body Weight‡
	Unadjusted model		Adjusted model§		Unadjusted model		Adjusted model§
	OR	(95%CI)	OR	(95%CI)	OR	(95%CI)	OR	(95%CI)
Patterns of food sources destinations ∥
Convenience store shopping (factor 1)	0.79	(0.49–1.27)	0.79	(0.41–1.54)	1.21	(0.75–1.94)	1.51	(0.81–2.81)
Grocery store shopping (factor 2)	0.66	(0.41–1.06)	0.69	(0.35–1.36)	0.90	(0.56–1.45)	1.06	(0.56–1.99)
Social support and local shopping (factor 3)	1.02	(0.64–1.64)	1.02	(0.53–1.98)	0.73	(0.45–1.17)	0.72	(0.39–1.35)
Eating out and online grocery shopping (factor 4)	0.91	(0.57–1.46)	0.79	(0.40–1.55)	0.92	(0.57–1.48)	1.05	(0.55–2.00)
Covered market shopping (factor 5)	1.20	(0.75–1.93)	1.24	(0.63–2.44)	1.37	(0.85–2.21)	1.42	(0.75–2.71)
Farmers market shopping (factor 6)	0.88	(0.55–1.41)	0.80	(0.41–1.54)	0.89	(0.55–1.43)	0.73	(0.39–1.37)
Mobile produce market shopping (factor 7)	1.00	(0.62–1.60)	0.90	(0.46–1.76)	0.82	(0.51–1.32)	0.72	(0.38–1.36)
Food-related behaviors ∥
Healthier food acquisition	1.03	(0.64–1.65)	1.09	(0.56–2.11)	0.93	(0.58–1.50)	1.04	(0.55–1.96)
Less-healthy food acquisition	1.08	(0.67–1.73)	1.19	(0.62–2.28)	0.98	(0.61–1.57)	0.98	(0.53–1.82)
Healthy food preparation	0.83	(0.51–1.34)	0.84	(0.43–1.62)	1.10	(0.68–1.79)	0.97	(0.52–1.83)
Healthy Food Beliefs and Attitudes ∥
Affordable	0.34	(0.20–0.58)*	0.16	(0.07–0.35)*	0.80	(0.49–1.30)	0.88	(0.46–1.67)
Convenient	0.59	(0.36–0.98)*	0.50	(0.25–1.01) *	0.63	(0.38–1.05)	0.43	(0.21–0.85)*
Important	0.88	(0.55–1.41)	0.84	(0.44–1.61)	1.28	(0.80–2.07)	1.36	(0.73–2.56)
Tastes good	0.76	(0.43–1.34)	0.62	(0.28–1.36)	0.95	(0.54–1.66)	0.80	(0.38–1.67)
Body image satisfaction	0.55	(0.34–0.89)*	0.78	(0.40–1.53)	0.59	(0.37–0.96)*	0.51	(0.26–0.97)*
Food-related psychosocial factors ∥
Food and nutrition knowledge	0.63	(0.39–1.01)	0.81	(0.42–1.59)	0.83	(0.51–1.34)	0.67	(0.35–1.25)
Intentions on healthy eating	0.89	(0.55–1.44)	0.85	(0.43–1.68)	1.24	(0.77–2.00)	1.03	(0.54–1.96)
Healthy eating self-efficacy	0.93	(0.57–1.50)	0.74	(0.37–1.45)	1.48	(0.90–2.41)	1.50	(0.78–2.87)

OR – odds ratio; CI – confidence interval

^†Three categories of Food Insecurity: without hunger; with moderate hunger; and with severe hunger.

^‡Adult and child overweight and/or obese in the same household.

^§Adjusted for caregiver age, caregiver education, caregiver gender, marital status, employment status, participation in food assistance programs (SNAP and WIC), housing arrangement, number of people, number of children, and income-to-poverty ratio.

^∥Higher score: > 50^th percentile (v. ≤ 50^th percentile)

^*p-value < 0.05