Table 2.
Effects of race and contributing factors on all-cause mortality (n=1,190,510)
| Characteristics | Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Race | ||
| White | 1.00 | |
| Black | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1.00 | |
| Male | 1.37 (1.36–1.39) | <0.001 |
| Age | ||
| 66–70 years | 1.00 | |
| 71–75 years | 1.53 (1.51–1.55) | <0.001 |
| 76–80 years | 2.48 (2.45–2.51) | <0.001 |
| 81–85 years | 4.10 (4.04–4.15) | <0.001 |
| ≥86 years | 8.26 (8.14–8.38) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization/Charlson score | ||
| No hospitalization | 1.00 | |
| Charlson score = 0 | 1.16 (1.15–1.18) | <0.001 |
| Charlson score = 1 | 1.69 (1.66–1.71) | <0.001 |
| Charlson score = 2 | 2.24 (2.21–2.27) | <0.001 |
| Charlson score = 3 | 2.79 (2.75–2.84) | <0.001 |
| Charlson score = 4 | 3.36 (3.28–3.44) | <0.001 |
| Charlson score = 5 or more | 4.81 (4.71–4.92) | <0.001 |
| End stage renal disease | ||
| No | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 2.56 (2.46–2.66) | <0.001 |
| Disability* | ||
| No | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 1.51 (1.49–1.53) | <0.001 |
| State Medicaid/Buy-In status | ||
| No | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 1.57 (1.53–1.61) | <0.001 |
| Median household income group | ||
| $ 2,500 – <$20,000 | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.01 |
| $20,000 – <$30,000 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.53 |
| $30,000 – <$40,000 | 1.00 | |
| $40,000 – <$50,000 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.01 |
| $50,000 – <$60,000 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <0.001 |
| $60,000 – <$70,000 | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | <0.001 |
| ≥$70,000 | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Racial segregation† | ||
| 1st quartile | 1.00 | |
| 2nd quartile | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.07 |
| 3rd quartile | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.98 |
| 4th quartile | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.22 |
Note: Results from Cox regression model after adjusting for all listed characteristics
*
Based on original eligibility categories of Medicare enrollment
†
Quartile definitions for racial segregation: <39.50, 39.50 – <49.00, 49.00 – <58.50, and ≥58.50