Table 1.
Demographic, neurological and neuropsychological data of healthy controls and RRMS patients.
| Healthy Controls n = 19 | Non-Impaired RRMS n = 19 | Cognitively Impaired RRMS n = 20 | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Demographic and Clinical Data
| |||
| Age (yrs) | 49.0 ± 7.1 | 46.4 ± 7.2 | 48.1 ± 4.7 |
| Gender (F/M) | 14 / 5 | 15 / 4 | 12 / 8 |
| Education (yrs) | 16.9 ± 2.9╪ | 16.1 ± 1.3 | 14.6 ± 1.9╪ |
| Disease duration (yrs) | NA | 11.8 ± 5.4 | 11.6 ± 4.9 |
| EDSS | NA | 1.8 ± 0.7* | 2.6 ± 0.7* |
| HADS-A | 4.4 ± 4.3╪⋄ | 6.37 ± 3.1⋄ | 8.5 ± 3.7╪ |
| HADS-D | 2.3 ± 2.3╪ | 3.5 ± 3.2* | 7.6 ± 2.9╪* |
| Treatment | N/A | ||
| β-Interferon | 4 (21%) | 3 (15%) | |
| Other Immune Suppressors | 11 (58%) | 12 (60%) | |
| None | 4 (21%) | 5 (25%) | |
| Presence of Enhancing Lesions | N/A | 1 (5%) | 5 (25%) |
|
| |||
|
Volumetric Data (cm3)
| |||
| GM | 653.37 ± 81.51 | 618.83 ± 53.94 | 605.09 ± 60.90 |
| WM | 458.22 ± 65.02 ╪ | 421.84 ± 39.29 | 414.53 ± 71.56 ╪ |
| BG | 19.41 ± 2.75 | 18.68 ± 2.52 | 18.04 ± 2.93 |
| Th | 9.83 ± 1.92 ╪ | 9.14 ± 1.98 | 7.91 ± 1.88 ╪ |
| CL | 0.00 ± 0.00 ╪ | 0.12 ± 0.11 | 0.22 ± 0.36 ╪ |
| T2H | 0.00 ± 0.00 ╪ | 9.37 ± 10.02 | 13.47 ± 13.30 ╪ |
| T1bh | 0.00 ± 0.00 ╪ | 3.21 ± 2.98 | 5.85 ± 6.77 ╪ |
| CSF | 320.89 ± 210.43 ╪ | 353.22 ± 131.71 | 400.29 ± 173.78 ╪ |
|
| |||
|
Neurocognitive Tests (z-score)
| |||
| COWAT-FAS | −0.67 ± 0.83 | −0.26 ± 1.06* | −1.16 ± 0.89 * |
| COWAT-Animals | −0.13 ± 1.14 | 0.41 ± 0.95* | −0.59 ± 1.18* |
| BVMT-IR | 0.37 ± 1.15 ╪ | −0.07 ± 1.04* | −1.68 ± 1.34 ╪* |
| BVMT-DR | 0.40 ± 1.14 ╪ | 0.42 ± 0.77* | −1.62 ± 1.48 ╪* |
| PASAT-3 | −0.39 ± 0.94 ╪ | 0.05 ± 0.61* | −1.71 ±0.82 ╪* |
| PASAT-2 | −0.21 ± 0.89 ╪ | −0.26 ± 0.66* | −1.80 ± 0.57 ╪* |
| JLO | 0.98 ± 0.20 | 0.83 ± 0.56 | 0.40 ± 0.67 |
| SDMT | −0.14 ± 0.92 ╪ | 0.02 ± 0.75* | −1.80 ± 1.17 ╪* |
| CVLT II-IR | −0.25 ± 1.05 ╪ | −0.23 ± 1.04* | −1.94 ± 1.36 ╪* |
| CVLT II-DR | −0.11 ± 0.66 ╪ | 0.21 ± 0.92* | −2.20 ± 1.61 ╪* |
| DKEFS-ST | 0.51 ± 0.73 | 0.26 ± 0.61 | −0.20 ± 1.25 |
Note: Significance p<0.017, corrected for multiple comparisons;
Healthy Controls vs. Non-Impaired RRMS,
Healthy Controls vs. Cognitively Impaired RRMS,
Non-Impaired RRMS vs. Cognitively Impaired RRMS.
All values are mean ± SD unless specified.
EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Score; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; COWAT, Controlled Oral Work Association Test; BVMT, Brief Visuospatial Test – revised; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; JLO, Judgment of Line Orientation Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; CVLT II, California Verbal Learning Test – II; IR, Immediate Recall; DR, Delayed Recall; DKEFS-ST, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test; GM, Grey Matter; WM, White Matter; BG, Basal Ganglia; Th, Thalamus; CL, Cortical Lesions; T2H, T2 Hyperintensities; T1bh, T1 Black Holes; Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).