Table 2.
Cell source |
Cell types | Scaffold | Model | In vitro function |
In vivo function |
Vascularization | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rat | Neonatal MPCs |
Fibrin/ Matrigel |
Dorsal skin-fold window chamber |
47.9±4.1 mN/mm2 |
65.7±8.9 mN/mm2 |
Host-derived vasculature. Implant highly vascularized and perfused |
Continued myogenesis, vascularization, and increase in force generation during 2wk implantation period |
[210] |
3wk rat MPCs |
Bladder acellular matrix |
TA volumetric muscle loss |
N/A | Yes | Not reported | Positive responders show ~60% functional improvement to non- treated VML injury. Negative responders show no improvement |
[171] | |
MPCs and MSCs |
Laminin | TA volumetric muscle loss |
121±9 | Yes | Host-derived vasculature. Robust capillary network |
Myotendinous junctions show greater maturation. Improved TA force but not to level of control |
[341] | |
Adult soleus MPCs |
Fibrin | Femoral vascular pedicle |
N/A | 35.4±62.2 mN/mm2 |
Host-derived vasculature |
3wks post-implantation, muscle shows mature sarcomeres |
[306] | |
Adult soleus MPCs |
Fibrin | Femoral vascular pedicle |
N/A | Yes | Host-derived vasculature |
Including femoral nerve stump in implant increases function 5-fold compared to no-stamp implants |
[311] | |
Mouse | C2C12 + Fibs + HUVECs |
PLLA/ PGLA |
Subcutaneous, quadriceps and abdominal wall |
N/A | N/A | Host and donor anastomosis |
Tri-culture results in greastest vascularization |
[302] |
C2C12 + Fibs + HUVECs |
PLLA/ PGLA |
Abdominal wall | N/A | ~0.1 mN/ mm2 |
Host and donor anastomosis |
Tissues kept in culture for 3wks show better vsacular infiltration than those implanted after 1 day |
[303] | |
C2C12 | Fibrin | Gluteus | N/A | N/A | Agrin promotes greater host vasculature infiltration |
Pre-treatment with agrin promotes acetylcholine receptor clustering and innervation by host nerves |
[236] | |
Human | MPCs | Porcine Bladder submucosa |
Latissimus Dorsi |
ND | 0.9±0.1 mN/ mm2 |
Not reported | Function only seen after cyclic stretch. Implant force increases from 2 to 4wks post implantation |
[242] |
MPCs, muscle progenitor cells. MSCs, mesenchymal stem cell. HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cell. PLLA, poly-(L-lactic acid). PLGA, polylactic-co-glycolic acid. VML, volumetric muscle loss. N/A, not assessed. ~, estimated 14 based on figure in paper.