Table 2.
HLM Models of Diurnal Cortisol Parameters in Study 1
| Fixed effect (independent variable) | Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | P | Estimate | SE | P | Estimate | SE | P | Estimate | SE | P | |
| Morning cortisol, π0 | ||||||||||||
| Average Morning Cortisol, β00, γ000 | 2.6552 | 0.0132 | <.001 | 2.6552 | 0.0132 | <.001 | 2.7267 | 0.0369 | <.001 | 2.7263 | 0.0369 | <.001 |
| CA Wave 1, γ001 | −0.0214 | 0.0053 | <.001 | −0.0176 | 0.0055 | 0.001 | −0.0130 | 0.0056 | 0.020 | −0.0121 | 0.0056 | 0.030 |
| Self-Esteem Wave 2, γ002 | -- | -- | -- | 0.0054 | 0.0019 | 0.01 | -- | -- | -- | 0.0043 | 0.0021 | 0.044 |
| Female, γ003 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.1127 | 0.0247 | <.001 | −0.1112 | 0.0247 | <.001 |
| Non-White, γ004 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.1645 | 0.0581 | 0.005 | −0.1615 | 0.0577 | <.001 |
| Age Wave 2, γ005 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0043 | 0.0012 | <.001 | 0.0042 | 0.0012 | <.001 |
| Some College Wave 2, γ006 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.1006 | 0.0275 | <.001 | 0.0952 | 0.0275 | 0.001 |
| Childhood SES Wave 2, γ007 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0279 | 0.0335 | 0.406 | −0.0257 | 0.0336 | 0.444 |
| Smoking Status, γ008 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0465 | 0.0358 | 0.194 | −0.0459 | 0.0356 | 0.197 |
| Medication, γ009 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0442 | 0.0258 | 0.088 | −0.0454 | 0.0258 | 0.078 |
| Chronic Condition, γ0010 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0404 | 0.0275 | 0.142 | −0.0364 | 0.0273 | 0.182 |
| Neuroticism Wave 2, γ0011 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0125 | 0.0210 | 0.550 | 0.0324 | 0.0218 | 0.138 |
| Depressed Affect Wave 2, γ0012 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0085 | 0.0097 | 0.382 | −0.0055 | 0.0099 | 0.576 |
| Weekend, β01, γ010 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0504 | 0.0149 | 0.001 | −0.0499 | 0.0148 | 0.001 |
| Wakeup time, β02, γ020 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0012 | 0.0074 | 0.867 | −0.0014 | 0.0074 | 0.854 |
| Daily Negative Affect, β03, γ030 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0413 | 0.0286 | 0.149 | 0.0414 | 0.0287 | 0.150 |
| Daily Positive Affect, β04, γ040 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0039 | 0.0132 | 0.770 | −0.0090 | 0.0136 | 0.506 |
| Fixed effect (independent variable) | Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | P | Estimate | SE | P | Estimate | SE | P | Estimate | SE | P | |
| Cortisol Awakening Response, π1 | ||||||||||||
| Average CAR, β10, γ100 | 0.4200 | 0.0099 | <.001 | 0.4199 | 0.0099 | 0.000 | 0.3585 | 0.0293 | <.001 | 0.3584 | 0.0293 | <.001 |
| CA Wave 1, γ101 | 0.0000 | 0.0046 | 0.996 | −0.0001 | 0.0047 | 0.99 | −0.0013 | 0.0048 | 0.78 | −0.0013 | 0.0048 | 0.789 |
| Self-Esteem Wave 2, γ102 | -- | -- | -- | −0.0002 | 0.0014 | 0.910 | -- | -- | -- | 0.0001 | 0.0017 | 0.937 |
| Female, γ103 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0873 | 0.0203 | <.001 | 0.0872 | 0.0203 | <.001 |
| Non-White, γ104 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0836 | 0.0486 | 0.086 | 0.0837 | 0.0486 | 0.086 |
| Age Wave 2, γ105 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0017 | 0.0009 | 0.058 | 0.0017 | 0.0009 | 0.060 |
| Some College Wave 2, γ106 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0246 | 0.0212 | 0.246 | −0.0246 | 0.0214 | 0.251 |
| Childhood SES Wave 2, γ107 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0054 | 0.0246 | 0.827 | 0.0054 | 0.0246 | 0.828 |
| Smoking Status, γ108 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0786 | 0.0267 | 0.003 | 0.0786 | 0.0267 | 0.003 |
| Medication, γ109 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0074 | 0.0214 | 0.728 | 0.0074 | 0.0214 | 0.730 |
| Chronic Condition, γ1010 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0264 | 0.0228 | 0.247 | 0.0267 | 0.0229 | 0.245 |
| Neuroticism Wave 2, γ1011 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0142 | 0.0177 | 0.421 | −0.0134 | 0.0195 | 0.493 |
| Depressed Affect Wave 2, γ1012 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0003 | 0.0062 | 0.957 | 0.0004 | 0.0063 | 0.947 |
| Weekend, β11, γ110 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0338 | 0.0169 | 0.046 | −0.0339 | 0.0169 | 0.045 |
| Wakeup time, β12, γ120 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0157 | 0.0071 | 0.027 | −0.0157 | 0.0071 | 0.027 |
| Daily Negative Affect, β13, γ130 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0054 | 0.0374 | 0.885 | −0.0056 | 0.0374 | 0.882 |
| Daily Positive Affect, β14, γ140 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0020 | 0.0144 | 0.890 | −0.0015 | 0.0148 | 0.919 |
| Fixed effect (independent variable) | Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | P | Estimate | SE | P | Estimate | SE | P | Estimate | SE | P | |
| Time Since Waking, π2 | ||||||||||||
| Average Linear Slope, β20, γ200 | −0.1291 | 0.0033 | <.001 | −0.1291 | 0.0033 | 0.000 | −0.1349 | 0.0045 | <.001 | −0.1349 | 0.0045 | <.001 |
| CA Wave 1, γ201 | 0.0011 | 0.0005 | 0.032 | 0.0007 | 0.0005 | 0.157 | 0.0004 | 0.0005 | 0.395 | 0.0003 | 0.0005 | 0.524 |
| Self-Esteem Wave 2, γ202 | -- | -- | -- | −0.0005 | 0.0002 | 0 | -- | -- | -- | −0.0005 | 0.0002 | 0.010 |
| Female, γ203 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0019 | 0.0022 | 0.38 | 0.0017 | 0.0022 | 0.433 |
| Non-White, γ204 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0277 | 0.0049 | <.001 | 0.0274 | 0.0048 | <.001 |
| Age Wave 2, γ205 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0004 | 0.0001 | <.001 | 0.0005 | 0.0001 | <.001 |
| Some College Wave 2, γ206 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0054 | 0.0024 | 0.025 | −0.0048 | 0.0024 | 0.049 |
| Childhood SES Wave 2, γ207 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0014 | 0.0027 | 0.605 | 0.0012 | 0.0027 | 0.670 |
| Smoking Status, γ208 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0171 | 0.0028 | <.001 | 0.0171 | 0.0027 | <.001 |
| Medication, γ209 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0069 | 0.0022 | 0.002 | 0.0070 | 0.0022 | 0.002 |
| Chronic Condition, γ2010 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0032 | 0.0025 | 0.207 | 0.0027 | 0.0025 | 0.287 |
| Neuroticism Wave 2, γ2011 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0006 | 0.0019 | 0.757 | −0.0018 | 0.0021 | 0.399 |
| Depressed Affect Wave 2, γ2012 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0010 | 0.0007 | 0.137 | 0.0007 | 0.0007 | 0.333 |
| Weekend, β21, γ210 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0027 | 0.0017 | 0.112 | 0.0026 | 0.0017 | 0.121 |
| Wakeup time, β22, γ220 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0030 | 0.0008 | <.001 | −0.0030 | 0.0008 | <.001 |
| Daily Negative Affect, β23, γ230 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0034 | 0.0033 | 0.304 | 0.0034 | 0.0033 | 0.304 |
| Daily Positive Affect, β24, γ240 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.0003 | 0.0014 | 0.809 | 0.0004 | 0.0014 | 0.791 |
| Daily Exercise, β25, γ250 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0007 | 0.0007 | 0.345 | 0.0007 | 0.0007 | 0.323 |
| Time Since Waking2, π3 | ||||||||||||
| Average Curvature, β30, γ300 | 0.0024 | 0.0002 | <.001 | 0.0024 | 0.0002 | <.001 | 0.0023 | 0.0002 | <.001 | 0.0023 | 0.0002 | <.001 |
Note. Intercepts indicate average cortisol values at wakeup; average slopes of time since waking indicate change in cortisol per 1-hour change in time; average slopes of time since waking2 indicate change in cortisol per 1-hour change in time2. CAR = Cortisol Awakening Response; CA: Childhood Adversity; SES: Socioeconomic Status. Seventy-one cortisol values were above 3SD. The main results remained significant when analyses were run after winsorizing these observations.