Table 1. Indicators of SES-related Disadvantage and Striving.

Indicators	Description of composite variable	Response
SES-related Disadvantage
Family poverty	Family income below the poverty line	0 = no; 1 = yes
Parental education	Either mother' or father' education level less than high school graduation	0 = no; 1 = yes
Parental employment	Both parents were unemployed	0 = no; 1 = yes
Single parent status	PC was single/never married, widowed, divorced, or separated	0 = no; 1 = yes
Receipt of public assistance	Either parent received public assistance	0 = no; 1 = yes
Economic hardship	PC reported not having enough money to pay bills	0 = no; 1 = yes
Striving
Educational aspirations (items were averaged; median = 5)	On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is low and 5 is high, how much do you want to go to college? On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is low and 5 is high, how likely is it that you will go to college?	1 = low to 5 = high
School engagement (items were averaged; median = 3)	How often did you have trouble: Paying attention in school? How often did you have trouble: Getting your homework done?	1 = every day to 4 = never
Belief in hard work and optimism (items were standardized and averaged; median = 0)	How often did you feel hopeful about the future during the last week? When you get what you want, it's usually because you worked hard for it.	0 = rarely to 3 = all of the time 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree
Single-minded focus (items were averaged; median = 1.5)	During the past week, how many times did you: -do hobbies, such as collecting baseball cards, playing a musical instrument, reading, or doing arts and crafts? -watch television or videos, or play video games? -play an active sport, such as baseball, softball, basketball, soccer, swimming, or football? -just hang out with friends?	0 = 5 or more times to 3 = not at all

PC = primary caregiver.