SIFT (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant) predicts impact of amino acid substitutions based on the degree of conservation in sequence alignments derived from closely related sequences. Scores <0.05 are considered deleterious. PolyPhen-2 (Polymorphism Phenotyping v2) predicts impact of a variant on the structure and function of a human protein using eight sequence-based and three structure-based predictive features. Scores >0.95 are considered probably damaging. GERP (Genomic Evolutionary Rate Profiling) identifies functional constraint of a sequence variant by quantifying substitution deficits in multiple alignments. Substitution deficits represent a natural measure of constraint that reflects the strength of past purifying selection. Higher GERP scores are more deleterious.