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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 May 12.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurosci. 2006 Jun 7;26(23):6131–6142. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5176-05.2006

Figure 1.

Figure 1

ST shocks activate EPSCs evoked in horizontal brainstem slices. A, Horizontal slices of the brainstem permit placement of the stimulating electrode (bottom left) on ST distant from the recorded NTS neuron (electrode on bottom right). B, Dye placed on the aortic depressor nerve identified fluorescent baroreceptor terminals on neuron soma (top) and guided recording pipette placement (bottom) under infrared DIC. C, Bursts of five shocks to ST (arrows), repeated every 3 s, evoked consistent trains of EPSCs. D, Closely spaced (20 ms) stimuli-depressed EPSCs substantially indicating frequency-dependent depression of ST-EPSC latency varied minimally and identified second-order neurons with jitter (SD of latency) of <200 µs. E, Increasing stimulus intensity activated all EPSCs within a train (EPSC1, EPSC2, etc.) at a single threshold intensity and further increases failed to alter EPSC amplitude (n = 20 trials; EPSC4 excluded for clarity). These timing and recruitment characteristics are consistent with activation of a single afferent axon. Scale bars: A, 400µm; B, 40µm.