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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 17.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016 Jan 25;73(6):1173–1194. doi: 10.1007/s00018-015-2115-8

Fig. 3. Articular cartilage tissue engineering.

Fig. 3

Engineering cartilage tissue often involves the formation of three-dimensional (3D) tissues in vitro by seeding chondrocytes or chondrocyte-like cells into scaffolds or through scaffold-free approaches in the presence of biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. A variety of cell sources, signaling molecules, and mechanical stimuli has been explored for cartilage tissue engineering.