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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2017 Feb 16;25:145–159. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.002

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Timeline of attachment learning and the effects of early life maltreatment on later-life social and emotional behavior in the rat model of trauma associated with attachment. Early infants will learn attachment regardless of the quality of care, while slightly older infants (PN10-PN15) will either learn to fear a traumatic associated stimulus when away from the mother or learn an attachment if acquisition takes place with the mother. Testing later in life shows that only the early life trauma associated with attachment will lead to lifelong amygdala-dependent behavioral deficits, such as poor social behavior (onset prior to weaning) and depressive-like behaviors (onset post- weaning (Raineki, Cortes, et al., 2012; Raineki, 2010; Sevelinges et al., 2011; Sullivan, Landers, Yeaman, & Wilson, 2000). In adulthood, early trauma produces enhanced aggression (Marquez et al., 2013) and impaired threat response (Perry, in press).