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Inflation and active contraction of an idealized model of the left ventricle of the heart. A. The reference configuration of the left ventricle model is a truncated ellipsoid. B. Passive inflation of an isotropic version of the left ventricular model. C. Active contraction of a transversely isotropic left ventricular model that includes transmural fiber rotation. Notice the torsion induced by the active contractile forces. D–F. Slices of the configurations shown in panels A–C.
