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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Dec 28.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Res Health. 2008 Sep 22;31(3):215–230.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

A) Human hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal brain stress system. B) Human extrahypothalamic cortiocotropin–releasing factor (CRF) brain stress system. C) Rodent extrahypothalamic CRF brain stress system.

SOURCE: A and B from Koob, G.F., and Le Moal, M. Drug Addiction, Dysregulation of Reward, and Allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 24:97–129, 2001.; C from Koob G.F., Alcoholism: Allostasis and Beyond. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27(2):232–243, 2003.

NOTES: ACTH = adrenocorticotrophin; AMYG = amygdala; BNST = bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CRF = corticotropin-releasing factor; HPC = hippocampus; NE = norepinephine; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PIT = pituitary gland; PVN = paraventricular nucleus.