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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 2.
Published in final edited form as: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2018 May 1;10(5):a029397. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029397

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schema of rate map analysis and ceiling of affinity maturation of gp41 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from HIV-1 infection and from vaccination. Original studies from which these schema are derived used affinity measurements of bnAbs and vaccine-induced antibodies to gp41 peptide liposome virosomes as models ofvirions. (A) The 2F5gp41 bnAbinHIV-1 infectionwith full bnAb development, and (B) the ceilingofaffinity maturation limited by immune tolerance when antibodies targeted to the gp41 epitope develop in the setting of vaccination. Studies showed that the ceiling of affinity maturation for gp41 bnAbs was mediated by immune tolerance limiting the development of antibodies with long hydrophobic heavy-chain third complementarity-determining regions (HCDR3s) that are necessary forgp41 bnAbsto neutralize HIV-1. (Panel A is based on data in Zhang et al. 2016, and panel B is based on data in Zhang et al. 2016 and Alam 2009.)