Table 1.
Study characteristics by HIV status, ACHIEvA study 2015 (n=1115)
| Characteristic | HIV-infected, n (%) | Matched HIV uninfected, n (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women | 326 (57) | 305 (56) | 0.958 |
| Age, median (IQR) | 45 (42, 49) | 46 (43, 50) | 0.0821 |
| Age groups | 0.020* | ||
| 40 – 44 | 246 (42.6) | 178 (33.1) | |
| 45 – 49 | 190 (32.9) | 211 (39.2) | |
| 50 – 54 | 72 (12.5) | 80 (14.9) | |
| 55 – 60 | 45 (7.8) | 36 (6.7) | |
| > 60 | 25 (4.2) | 33 (6.1) | |
| Employment status | < 0.001 | ||
| Self-employed | 337 (58.4) | 348 (64.7) | |
| Government or non-professional | 73 (12.6) | 62 (11.5) | |
| Private employer | 84 (14.6) | 37 (6.9) | |
| Unemployed | 83 (14.4) | 91 (16.9) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | ||
| Married or cohabiting | 303 (52.5) | 415 (77.1) | |
| Separated or divorced | 144 (25.0) | 71 (13.2) | |
| Widowed or widower | 119 (20.6) | 48 (8.9) | |
| Single | 11 (1.9) | 4 (0.7) | |
| Religion | 0.009 | ||
| Catholic | 178 (30.8) | 152 (28.2) | |
| Anglican | 276 (47.8) | 232 (43.1) | |
| Muslim | 73 (12.6) | 107 (19.9) | |
| Pentecostal | 46 (8.0) | 42 (7.8) | |
| Other | 4 (0.7) | 5 (0.9) | |
| Smoking status | 0.069* | ||
| Never smoker | 423 (73.3 | 415 (77.1) | |
| Current smoker | 61 (10.6) | 58 (10.8) | |
| Former smoker | 93 (16.1) | 65 (12.1) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.855* | ||
| 0 g/week | 371 (64.3) | 367 (68.2) | |
| <20 g/week (women) & <40 g/week (men) | 90 (15.6) | 57 (10.6) | |
| 20 to 39g/week (women) & 40 to 59 g/week (men) | 20 (3.5) | 16 (3.0) | |
| ≥ 40g/week (women) & ≥ 60g/week (men) | 96 (16.6) | 98 (18.2) | |
| Perceived stress score (quintiles) | 0.067* | ||
| 1st | 96 (16.6) | 127 (23.6) | |
| 2nd | 112 (19.4) | 111 (20.6) | |
| 3rd | 136 (23.6) | 88 (16.4) | |
| 4th | 121 (21.0) | 104 (19.3) | |
| 5th | 112 (19.4) | 108 (20.1) | |
| Asset index | < 0.001* | ||
| Poorest | 131 (22.7) | 90 (16.7) | |
| Poorer | 118 (20.4) | 106 (19.7) | |
| Average | 126 (21.8) | 97 (18.0) | |
| Richer | 113 (19.6) | 110 (20.5) | |
| Richest | 89 (15.4) | 135 (24.1) | |
| METS hours/week | 0.142* | ||
| 0 | 237 (41.1) | 220 (40.9) | |
| 1 – 3 | 102 (17.7) | 75 (13.9) | |
| 3 – 10 | 127 (22.0) | 114 (21.2) | |
| 10 – 20 | 61 (10.6) | 65 (12.1) | |
| > 20 | 50 (8.7) | 64 (11.9) | |
| Clinical | |||
| Body mass index category | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 56 (9.7) | 26 (4.8) | < 0.001* |
| Normal (18.5 – <25) | 301 (52.2) | 210 (39.0) | |
| Overweight (25 – <30) | 131 (22.7) | 169 (31.4) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 89 (15.4) | 133 (24.7) | |
| Waist circumference (both genders) | 87 (12.6) | 91 (12.4) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, men (≥ 102 cm)* | 11 (4.4) | 29 (12.4) | < 0.004 |
| Waist circumference, women (≥ 88 cm)* | 190 (58.3) | 202 (66.2) | 0.040 |
| Waist - hip ratio (WHR) (both genders) | 0.88 (0.1) | 0.89 (0.1) | 0.059 |
| Waist – hip ratio, men (≥ 0.90)* | 97 (38.6) | 120 (51.5) | 0.004 |
| Waist – hip ratio, women (≥ 0.85)* | 218 (66.9) | 205 (67.2) | 0.927 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD)$ | 123 (18.3) | 127 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD)$ | 76 (11.5) | 78 (12.3) | 0.027 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 49 (8.5) | 45 (8.4) | 0.685 |
| Prevalent hypertension** | 124 (21.5) | 155 (28.8) | |
| Pulse wave velocity (PWV), m/s | 7.8 (1.4) | 8.0 (1.4) | 0.013 |
| Arterial stiffness #(age stratified) | 10 (1.9) | 5 (1.0) | 0.241 |
| Laboratory | |||
| Serum Hb A1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.8 (4.3) | 6.7 (5.1) | 0.005 |
| Serum Hb A1c (> 6.5 %), n (%) | 200 (36.4) | 164 (28) | 0.002 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (all), mg/dL, mean (SD) | 58.5(19.9) | 55.3(15.0) | 0.01 |
| Serum LDL cholesterol (all), mg/dL, mean (SD) | 103 (34.5) | 110 (35.1) | 0.004 |
| Serum triglycerides (all), mg/dL, mean (SD) | 175 (99.9) | 181 (91.6) | 0.341 |
| Serum total cholesterol (all), mg/dL, mean (SD) | 188 (73.9) | 182 (52.2) | 0.207 |
| Urine sodium excretion, g/24hours, mean (SD) | 8.40 (3.3) | 7.96 (3.1) | 0.040 |
Abbreviations: SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; METS: Metabolic equivalents; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Pulse wave velocity measurements n= 1026 (530 HIV-infected and 496 uninfected), glycated hemoglobin n= 865 (448 HIV-infected and 417 HIV-uninfected), Serum LDL and Triglycerides n= 899 (464 HIV-infected and 435 HIV-uninfected), serum cholesterol and HDL n= 811 (420 HIV-infected and 391 HIV-uninfected), and urine sodium excretion estimation n= 890 (462 HIV-infected and 428 HIV-uninfected).
Trend test: WC,
WHR: WHO thresholds for substantially increased cardiovascular disease risk;
Blood pressure: Average of same sitting 2nd and 3rd blood pressure measurements;
Arterial stiffness: European[47] cutoffs for Arterial stiffness: PWV >11 m/s for age 20–40 years; PWV > 12 m/s for age 41–59
Hypertension defined as SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90 mmHg, and/or self-reported anti-hypertensive drug use.