Table 2.

Cardiovascular Outcomes for Diabetes Medications in Those with Diabetes

Medication class	Specific medication	Trial	Overall CV Events	Differences in CV events by age
DPP-IV Inhibitors	Alogliptin94,95,96,97	EXAMINE	Neutral^	No difference%
	Saxagliptin	SAVOR	Neutral^	No difference$
	Sitagliptin	TECOS	Neutral^	No difference%$
GLP-1 agonists	Lixisenatide98,99, 100,101,102,103,104	ELIXA	Neutral^	No difference%
	Liraglutide	LEADER	Benefit^	No difference‡
	Semaglutide	SUSTAIN	Benefit^	No difference%
	Exenatide ER	EXSCEL	TBD@
	Albiglutide	HARMONY Outcomes	TBD@
	Dulaglutide	REWIND	TBD@
SGLT-2 Inhibitors	Empagliflozin105,106,107	EMPA-REG	Benefit^	Benefit if 65 years Neutral if <65 years (p=0.01 for interaction)
	Canagliflozin	CANVAS	TBD@
	Dapagliflozin	DECLARE	TBD@
Insulin	Insulin glargine108	ORIGIN	Neutral^	No difference%
Sulfonylureas (SUs)/meglitinides	All SUs109,110		? Harm*	Not Studied
	2nd generation		Neutral*	Not Studied
Thiazolidinediones	Rosiglitazone111,112,113,114,115		? Harm*	Not Studied
	Pioglitazone		Neutral†	Not Studied
Biguanides	Metformin9,116		Benefit	Not Studied
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors	Acarbose117	ACE	TBD@#	TBD
Amylin agonists	Pramlintide118		Neutral^	Not Studied

^!Medications above the bold line were subject to the 2008 FDA’s industry guidance for assessing cardiovascular risks.

^{^}Outcome is Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event (MACE): Cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal CVA

^*Based off meta-analyses of cardiovascular outcomes; no large trials

^†Based on cardiovascular outcomes, but not MACE

^‡When stratified by <60 and ≥ 60 years

^%When stratified by <65 years and ≥ 65 years

^$When stratified by <75 years and ≥ 75 years

^@Trial ongoing

^#Trial studying both those with prediabetes and DM2.