Table 2.
Patient-Level Primary Outcomes at 12 Months by Intervention Statusa
| Variable | Baseline | Follow-up | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (n = 586) | Control (n = 399) | P Value | Intervention (n = 586) | Control (n = 399) | P Valueb | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Guideline-concordant care (agreement plus UDT) | 241 (41.1) | 168 (42.1) | .76 | 386 (65.9) | 151 (37.8) | <.001 | 3.3 (1.9–5.6) | 6.0 (3.6–10.2) |
| Signed agreement (ever) | 376 (64.2) | 233 (58.4) | .07 | 489 (83.5) | 243 (60.9) | <.001 | 2.5 (1.4–4.5) | Not converge |
| No baseline agreement | 210 (100) | 166 (100) | – | 133 (53.8) | 10 (6.0) | <.001 | 11.2 (4.1–30.7)c | 11.9 (4.4–32.2) |
| UDT (once in past 12 mo) | 348 (59.4) | 259 (64.9) | <.08 | 437 (74.6) | 231 (57.9) | <.001 | 2.4 (1.3–4.4) | 3.0 (1.8–5.0) |
| ≥2 early refillsc | 145 (24.7) | 94 (23.6) | .67 | 121 (20.7) | 80 (20.1) | .82 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) |
Abbreviations: agreement, patient-clinician agreement; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, unadjusted odds ratio; SE, standard error; UDT, urine drug testing.
Unless otherwise noted, data are reported as number (percentage) of patient participants. Analyses included patients on active opioid prescriptions within 60 days prior to the start date of the intervention. Analyses adjusted for drug use diagnoses, mental health diagnoses, English-speaking patient, and baseline levels of outcome measures (UDT, agreement, early refills).
P values for the test of difference of the differences between groups were identical.
Early refill is defined as a prescription of the same opioid dose and directions given more than 3 days prior to the next expected fill date. This measure excludes potential prescription reprints (multiple prescriptions printed within 7 days).