Table 2.
Sociodemographic characteristics of 20,822 youth with opioid use disorder and odds ratios (OR) for receipt of a medication (buprenorphine or naltrexone) within 6 months of diagnosis: Optum, January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2014.
| Characteristica | Received Medication (n = 5,580),% | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjustedb Probability of Receiving Medication, % (95% CI) | Adjustedb OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of diagnosis | ||||
| 21–25 years (n = 11,050) | 33.0 | Reference | 30.5 (30.0 – 31.5) | Reference |
| 18–20 years (n = 7,186) | 24.0 | 0.64 (0.60 – 0.69) | 22.0 (21.0 – 23.0) | 0.64 (0.60 – 0.69) |
| 16–17 years (n = 1,925) | 10.0 | 0.23 (0.19 – 0.26) | 9.7 (8.4 – 11.1) | 0.25 (0.21 – 0.29) |
| 13–15 years (n = 661) | 1.5 | 0.03 (0.02 – 0.06) | 1.4 (0.4 – 2.3) | 0.03 (0.02 – 0.06) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male (n = 13,698) | 28.7 | Reference | 24.4 (23.5 – 25.3) | Reference |
| Female (n = 7,124) | 23.1 | 0.75 (0.70 – 0.80) | 20.3 (19.2 – 21.3) | 0.79 (0.73 – 0.84) |
| Race/ethnicityc | ||||
| White non-Hispanic (n = 17,119) | 27.1 | Reference | 23.1 (22.3 – 23.9) | Reference |
| Black non-Hispanic (n = 105) | 18.1 | 0.59 (0.36 – 0.98) | 14.8 (7.9 – 21.7) | 0.58 (0.33 – 0.99) |
| Hispanic (n = 1,165) | 23.4 | 0.82 (0.71 – 0.94) | 20.0 (17.6 – 22.3) | 0.83 (0.71 – 0.97) |
| Asian (n = 224) | 24.5 | 0.87 (0.64 – 1.19) | 19.6 (14.5 – 24.6) | 0.81 (0.59 – 1.12) |
| Mixed (n = 2,175) | 26.8 | 0.98 (0.89 – 1.09) | 23.9 (21.9 – 25.9) | 1.05 (0.93 – 1.17) |
| Metropolitan area | ||||
| Metropolitan (n = 13,651) | 26.5 | Reference | 22.9 (22.1 – 23.8) | Reference |
| Non-metropolitan (n = 6,473) | 27.2 | 1.04 (0.97 – 1.11) | 22.9 (21.8 – 24.1) | 1.00 (0.93 – 1.07) |
| Neighborhood educational leveld | ||||
| High (n = 14,023) | 26.8 | Reference | 22.7 (21.9 – 23.6) | Reference |
| High-middle (n = 4,148) | 27.6 | 1.04 (0.96 – 1.12) | 23.7 (22.3 – 25.2) | 1.06 (0.97 – 1.15) |
| Low-middle (n = 2,113) | 25.7 | 0.94 (0.85 – 1.05) | 23.1 (21.0 – 25.2) | 1.02 (0.90 – 1.16) |
| Low (n = 518) | 23.4 | 0.83 (0.68 – 1.02) | 20.7 (16.7 – 24.7) | 0.89 (0.69 – 1.14) |
| Neighborhood poverty levele | ||||
| Low (n = 11,225) | 27.6 | Reference | 23.7 (22.7 – 24.7) | Reference |
| Low-middle (n = 5,179) | 25.8 | 0.91 (0.85 – 0.98) | 21.9 (20.6 – 23.1) | 0.90 (0.83 – 0.98) |
| High-middle (n = 3,211) | 25.7 | 0.91 (0.83 – 0.99) | 22.0 (20.3 – 23.6) | 0.91 (0.81 – 1.01) |
| High (n = 1,157) | 26.5 | 0.95 (0.83 – 1.09) | 22.9 (19.9 – 25.9) | 0.96 (0.80 – 1.14) |
| Census region | ||||
| South (n = 8,688) | 27.0 | Reference | 22.8 (21.7 – 23.8) | Reference |
| Midwest (n = 5,469) | 26.8 | 0.99 (0.92 – 1.07) | 23.9 (22.6 – 25.1) | 1.06 (0.98 – 1.15) |
| West (n = 3,618) | 26.8 | 1.01 (0.92 – 1.10) | 22.9 (21.4 – 24.4) | 1.01 (0.91 – 1.11) |
| Northeast (n = 3,044) | 25.9 | 0.95 (0.86 – 1.04) | 21.9 (20.3 – 23.4) | 0.95 (0.86 – 1.05) |
Where counts do not add to total, data are missing
Adjusted for all other covariates listed in the table in addition to year that an individual was diagnosed with opioid use disorder (coded as an indicator variable)
Race/ethnicity data were derived from a combination of geocoded census-block group-level race from the 2000 US Census and surname analysis to identify Asian and Hispanic individuals; mixed neighborhoods are those that did not meet a 75% threshold for white, black, or Hispanic ethnicity
Neighborhood educational level was based on geocoded census block group-level data from the 2000 US Census; High education level denotes neighborhoods with less than 15% of individuals with less than high school education; high-middle, 15% to 24.9%; low-middle, 25% to 39.9%; and low, 40% or more of individuals33
Neighborhood poverty was based on geocoded census block group-level data from the 2000 US Census; Low denotes neighborhoods with less than 5% of individuals living below the poverty level; low-middle, 5% to 9.9%; high-middle, 10% to 19.9%; and high, 20% or more