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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 9.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Infect Dis. 2018 Jan 3;4(2):88–92. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00268

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Approved host-targeted drugs can be repurposed as countermeasures against intracellular pathogens including viruses, obligate intracellular bacteria such as Mtb, and protozoa such as malaria. Depicted are representative stages of the intracellular pathogen lifecycle that are often targeted by antimicrobials. Shown are examples of repurposed drugs and the relevant corresponding pathway and target protein(s), if known. Only targets that are validated as either antimicrobial and/or molecular targets underlying the antimicrobial effect are shown. CypA (Cyclophilin A). Blunt arrows represent inhibition, whereas pointed arrow represents activation.