Table 1.

Reprogramming the metabolome in preclinical RP models to rescue retinal degeneration

Targeted Metabolic Pathway	Treatment	Purpose	Result	References
Insulin/mTOR	Intraperitoneal injection of insulin in four RP mouse models	Prevent cone starvation	Prolonged cone survival	[27]
Insulin/mTOR	Ablation of mTOR inhibitor Tsc1 in Pde6bH620Q/H620Q mice	Upregulation of mTOR to enhance rod anabolism	Prolonged rod and cone survival	[41]
Insulin/mTOR	Conditional deletion of Pten in rd1 mice	Activation of mTORC1 to improve glucose metabolism and increase NADPH levels in cones	Prolonged cone survival	[45]
Glycolysis	Ablation of glycolytic enzyme repressor Sirt6 in Pde6bH620Q/H620Q mice	Increase rod glycolytic activity	Rescue of retinal layers, cellular OS, and improved photoreceptor function	[28]
MEF2D-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) pathway	Treatment with carnosic acid in Mef2d+/− mice	Upregulation of endogenous NRF2 pathway in photoreceptors	Rescue of photoreceptors from light-induced oxidative stress	[46]
Reactive oxygen metabolism	Overexpression of SOD1 in -actin promoter/sod1 transgenic mice	Protection against hyperoxia-induced oxidative retinal damage	Reduced oxidative stress levels in retina	[47]