Table 1.
Influenza studies
| References | Cohort (n) | Vaccine | Technology | Concept |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bucasas et al. 2011 | Adult males (119), age 18–40 years, 2008 flu season | TIV | Microarray analysis on PBMCs D0, D1, D3, D14 | Response to vaccine is associated with common transcriptional signatures; early gene up-regulation of IFN-related genes and antigen processing and presentation Late gene up-regulation of proliferation and biosynthesis-related genes Gene signature correlates with magnitude of antibody response |
| Nakaya et al. 2011 | Adults (56) over 3 years, 2007–2009 | TIV versus LAIV | FACS analysis; microarray analysis on PBMCs D0, D3, D7 | Early TIV transcriptional response correlates with increase in antibody titer; B-cell signature LAIV produced a T-cell and monocyte signature; IFN signature; link between host innate immunity and antibody response Identified a kinase that may be involved with regulation of antibody responses |
| Furman et al. 2013 | Older adults (59); younger adults (30) | TIV | Microarry; CyTOF; Luminex on PBMCs from D0, D28 | Preexisting antibody repertoire against HA epitopes can predict response to vaccination Biomarkers for predicting antibody response include genes related to apoptosis |
| Bentebibel et al. 2013 | Adults (12), 2009; children (19), 2010; adults (37), 2011 | TIV, same B strain both years; different H3N2 and H1N1 | FACS analysis D0, D7 | Increased blood TFH 7 days after vaccination (ICOS+) provide help to memory B cells, and correlate with increased antibody titers in subjects with preexisting antibody titers Plasmablast number 7 days postvaccination does not correlate with antibody response in children |
| Furman et al. 2014 | Adult males (34); females (53) | TIV | Microarray, FACS on PBMCs from D0, D28 | Testosterone levels affect response to vaccination |
| Tsang et al. 2014 | Adults (63), 2009 | TIV and pH1N1 | Microarray, FACS analysis on PBMCs on D-7, D0, D1, D7, D70 | Prevaccination parameters can predict antibody response Used baseline cell subpopulation frequencies to predict response |
| Furman et al. 2015 | Y1: Young (30), older (61); Y2: young (25), older (52) | TIV | Micorarray, on PBMCs from D0, D28 | Chronic viral infection (CMV) enhances immune response after vaccination in young, but not older individuals |
| Nakaya et al. 2015 | Elderly (54), young (141), diabetic (17) over 5 years, 2007–2011; previous cohort (218) | TIV | Microarray, FACS analysis (2010 cohort); microRNA (miRNA) profiling (2010 cohort) on PBMCs on D0, D1, D3, D7, D14 | Prevaccination signatures correlate with antibody response to vaccination Antibody response correlates with age Early IFN signature Later ASC and cell-cycle signatures Decreased IFN response and enhanced NK and monocyte response in elderly miRNAs were up-regulated in elderly and correlated with antibody response |
| Sobolev et al. 2016 | Adults (178) 18–63 years old | Adjuvanted H1N1 | Microarray, FACS analysis, Luminex on PBMCs on D-7, D0, D1, D7 | Increased adverse effects after vaccination is associated with increased number of transitional B cells at baseline No common signature for nonresponders |
| Nakaya et al. 2016 | Children (90) 14–24 months old, 2012–2013 | TIV ATIV (MF59) | Microarray, FACS analysis on PBMCs from D0, D1, D3, D7, D28 | Adjuvanted vaccine provides more uniform and robust response across the entire cohort Adjuvant enhances kinetics of serum antibody titers and induction of multi-cytokine-producing CD4 T cells |
TIV, Trivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; IFN, interferon; LAIV, live attenuated influenza vaccine; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; CyTOF, cytometry by time-of-flight; HA, hemagglutinin; ASC, antibody secreting cell; NK, natural killer; ATIV, adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine.