Table 3.
Control Variable Descriptive Characteristics
|
|
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children of Non-Degreed Mothers | Children of Degreed Mothers | |||||||
|
|
|
|||||||
| Waited 7 Minutes | β | P-Value of Difference | Waited 7 Minutes | β | P-Value of Difference | |||
|
|
|
|||||||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||
|
|
|
|||||||
| Panel 1: Child Demographic and Home Controls | ||||||||
| Child Background | ||||||||
| Male | 0.47 | 0.51 | −0.04 | .338 | 0.45 | 0.50 | −0.05 | .409 |
| White | 0.82 | 0.64 | 0.18 | .001* | 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.10 | .007* |
| Black | 0.07 | 0.24 | −0.15 | .001* | 0.00 | 0.05 | −0.05 | .024* |
| Hispanic | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.01 | .545 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.00 | .962 |
| Other | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.01 | .530 | 0.03 | 0.07 | −0.05 | .058 |
| Child’s Age at Delay Measure (mos.) | 56.11 (1.11) |
56.01 (1.14) |
0.13 | .105 | 55.99 (1.13) |
55.99 (1.15) |
0.07 | .519 |
| Birth Weight (g) | 3490.23 (478.56) |
3449.02 (540.26) |
0.09 | .320 | 3516.63 (520.52) |
3572.53 (527.17) |
−0.13 | .268 |
| Bracken Standard Score (36 mos.) | 9.06 (2.56) |
7.67 (2.86) |
0.47 | .001* | 10.67 (2.20) |
10.14 (2.35) |
0.19 | .043* |
| Bayley (24 mos.) | 93.89 (12.40) |
85.91 (14.40) |
0.53 | .001* | 100.88 (11.78) |
95.21 (14.10) |
0.41 | .001* |
| Child Temperament (6 mos.) | 3.18 (0.42) |
3.25 (0.38) |
−0.17 | .053 | 3.13 (0.37) |
3.09 (0.43) |
0.07 | .531 |
| Log of Family Income (1 mo - 54 mos.) | 0.89 (0.61) |
0.57 (0.73) |
0.38 | .001* | 1.54 (0.51) |
1.42 (0.56) |
0.14 | .057 |
| Mother’s Age at Birth (years) | 27.75 (5.66) |
26.07 (5.46) |
0.29 | .001* | 31.58 (4.05) |
31.87 (3.91) |
−0.06 | .438 |
| Mother’s Education (years) | 13.00 (1.41) |
12.68 (1.50) |
0.12 | .017* | 17.02 (1.31) |
16.82 (1.26) |
0.07 | .234 |
| Mother’s PPVT | 96.43 (13.38) |
90.47 (17.03) |
0.30 | .001* | 114.10 (15.62) |
105.63 (16.51) |
0.44 | .001* |
| H.O.M.E. Score (36 mos.) | ||||||||
| Learning Materials | 7.20 (2.36) |
5.86 (2.51) |
0.53 | .001* | 8.64 (1.59) |
8.41 (2.20) |
0.12 | .168 |
| Language Stimulation | 6.13 (1.04) |
5.67 (1.24) |
0.46 | .001* | 6.38 (0.84) |
6.17 (1.13) |
0.21 | .046* |
| Physical Environment | 6.16 (1.04) |
5.64 (1.54) |
0.40 | .001* | 6.35 (0.83) |
6.33 (0.91) |
0.07 | .372 |
| Responsivity | 5.67 (1.28) |
5.17 (1.52) |
0.31 | .001* | 6.09 (0.99) |
5.81 (1.30) |
0.21 | .033* |
| Academic Stimulation | 3.43 (1.21) |
2.97 (1.29) |
0.38 | .001* | 3.74 (0.97) |
3.57 (1.29) |
0.17 | .112 |
| Modeling | 3.13 (1.10) |
2.82 (1.14) |
0.29 | .001* | 3.64 (0.93) |
3.51 (1.04) |
0.11 | .285 |
| Variety | 6.80 (1.34) |
6.14 (1.50) |
0.45 | .001* | 7.54 (1.17) |
7.29 (1.36) |
0.17 | .088 |
| Acceptance | 3.39 (0.85) |
3.22 (1.04) |
0.18 | .038* | 3.70 (0.59) |
3.57 (0.82) |
0.13 | .162 |
| Responsivity- Empirical Scale | 5.54 (0.91) |
5.14 (1.29) |
0.37 | .001* | 5.77 (0.52) |
5.55 (0.91) |
0.21 | .026* |
| Panel 2: Concurrent 54-Month Controls | ||||||||
| 54 mos. WJ-R Scores | ||||||||
| Letter-Word Id. | 99.03 (11.98) |
93.22 (12.63) |
0.42 | .001* | 105.93 (12.19) |
102.31 (11.94) |
0.26 | .011* |
| Applied Problems | 104.80 (12.88) |
95.67 (15.72) |
0.57 | .001* | 112.36 (12.13) |
106.06 (12.31) |
0.40 | .001* |
| Picture Vocabulary | 100.54 (13.07) |
93.74 (13.80) |
0.43 | .001* | 109.11 (13.45) |
103.47 (13.58) |
0.36 | .001* |
| Memory for Sentences | 93.21 (15.59) |
85.43 (17.67) |
0.43 | .001* | 100.99 (18.73) |
92.34 (17.45) |
0.49 | .001* |
| Incomplete Words | 98.08 (12.91) |
92.72 (13.52) |
0.41 | .001* | 102.18 (11.69) |
98.05 (11.98) |
0.35 | .001* |
| 54 mos. Child Behavioral Checklist | ||||||||
| Internalizing | 47.36 (9.11) |
47.94 (8.51) |
−0.06 | .477 | 46.55 (8.84) |
46.81 (8.17) |
−0.01 | .988 |
| Externalizing | 51.14 (9.34) |
53.09 (9.84) |
−0.21 | .020* | 50.44 (9.11) |
50.99 (8.53) |
−0.06 | .604 |
|
| ||||||||
| Observations | 251 | 301 | 250 | 116 | ||||
Note. Mean values are presented in each cell, and standard deviations are in parentheses. The p-value column compares children who successfully completed the task and waited 7 minutes to students who did not, and the “β” column presents effect sizes measuring the standardized differences between the two groups. P-values were generated from a series of bivariate regressions in which each variable was regressed on a dummy indicating whether the child completed the marshmallow test, and series of site dummy variables was also included to adjust for site differences. P-values below .001 have been rounded to .001.
*
p< .05