Table 6.
Associations Between Age 54 month Gratification Delay and Later Measures of Academic Achievement with Interactions Between Gratification Delay and SES
| Achievement Composite | Behavior Composite | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| First Grade | Age 15 | First Grade | Age 15 | |||||||||
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | |
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| PANEL 1 | ||||||||||||
| Delay minutes (continuous) | 0.279* (0.038) |
0.115* (0.035) |
0.050 (0.030) |
0.236* (0.040) |
0.083* (0.037) |
0.040 (0.034) |
−0.059 (0.042) |
−0.019 (0.043) |
0.012 (0.033) |
−0.062 (0.044) |
−0.023 (0.046) |
0.009 (0.040) |
| High-SES Indicator | 0.509* (0.064) |
0.050 (0.068) |
0.032 (0.059) |
0.747* (0.067) |
0.270* (0.071) |
0.266* (0.066) |
−0.187* (0.070) |
0.026 (0.084) |
0.031 (0.064) |
−0.286* (0.074) |
−0.119 (0.088) |
−0.127 (0.077) |
| Interaction | −0.101 (0.067) |
−0.043 (0.058) |
−0.035 (0.050) |
−0.069 (0.069) |
−0.007 (0.061) |
−0.018 (0.057) |
0.010 (0.073) |
−0.038 (0.071) |
−0.058 (0.054) |
0.094 (0.076) |
0.040 (0.075) |
0.017 (0.066) |
| PANEL 2 | ||||||||||||
| Delay minutes (categorical) | ||||||||||||
| <0.333 minutes | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| 0.333– 2 minutes | 0.298* (0.127) |
0.182 (0.110) |
0.109 (0.096) |
0.353* (0.131) |
0.202 (0.115) |
0.151 (0.107) |
0.055 (0.140) |
0.060 (0.137) |
0.050 (0.104) |
−0.140 (0.148) |
−0.082 (0.145) |
−0.097 (0.127) |
| 2 to 7 minutes | 0.424* (0.127) |
0.215 (0.110) |
0.053 (0.097) |
0.457* (0.132) |
0.288* (0.115) |
0.199 (0.108) |
−0.088 (0.140) |
−0.046 (0.137) |
0.006 (0.105) |
−0.182 (0.146) |
−0.103 (0.143) |
−0.024 (0.126) |
| 7 minutes | 0.721* (0.099) |
0.308* (0.090) |
0.147 (0.079) |
0.646* (0.105) |
0.222* (0.097) |
0.121 (0.091) |
−0.121 (0.109) |
−0.025 (0.112) |
0.034 (0.086) |
−0.193 (0.116) |
−0.087 (0.120) |
−0.028 (0.106) |
| High-SES Indicator | 0.585* (0.174) |
0.154 (0.156) |
0.041 (0.136) |
0.951* (0.178) |
0.428* (0.163) |
0.417* (0.151) |
−0.097 (0.187) |
0.163 (0.190) |
0.191 (0.144) |
−0.375 (0.195) |
−0.185 (0.199) |
−0.138 (0.174) |
| Interactions | ||||||||||||
| High SES * < 0.333 min. | 0.029 (0.252) |
−0.164 (0.218) |
0.032 (0.190) |
−0.274 (0.259) |
−0.337 (0.226) |
−0.266 (0.210) |
−0.124 (0.275) |
−0.127 (0.269) |
−0.160 (0.205) |
0.075 (0.284) |
0.119 (0.276) |
0.035 (0.243) |
| High SES * 2 to 7 min | −0.027 (0.240) |
−0.138 (0.206) |
0.010 (0.179) |
−0.241 (0.246) |
−0.293 (0.213) |
−0.258 (0.198) |
−0.188 (0.260) |
−0.185 (0.252) |
−0.199 (0.192) |
−0.136 (0.272) |
−0.090 (0.261) |
−0.156 (0.229) |
| High SES * 7 min | −0.159 (0.192) |
−0.119 (0.165) |
−0.033 (0.144) |
−0.242 (0.197) |
−0.119 (0.173) |
−0.134 (0.161) |
−0.073 (0.207) |
−0.167 (0.201) |
−0.203 (0.153) |
0.186 (0.217) |
0.115 (0.212) |
0.049 (0.186) |
| P-value from interaction term joint F-test | .668 | .870 | .968 | .640 | .342 | .507 | .899 | .859 | .610 | .450 | .753 | .720 |
| Child demographic and H.O.M.E. controls | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | ||||
| Concurrent 54-month controls | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | ||||||||
Note. n= 918. Standard errors are in parentheses. The “joint F-test” evaluated whether the set of interaction terms jointly contribute to the model. In other words, it tested whether the set of interactions were statistically significantly different from “0.”
*
p< .05