Table 7.
PANEL 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gratification Delay (54) | ||||||||||
1 Continuous | 1.00 | |||||||||
2 <0.333 min. | −0.69 | 1.00 | ||||||||
3 0.333– 2 min. | −0.47 | −0.18 | 1.00 | |||||||
4 2 to 7 min. | −0.07 | −0.19 | −0.16 | 1.00 | ||||||
5 7 min. | 0.90 | −0.51 | −0.43 | −0.45 | 1.00 | |||||
Related Measures | ||||||||||
6 Self-control (54) | 0.24 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.03 | 0.24 | 1.00 | ||||
7 Attention (54) | 0.22 | −0.18 | −0.07 | −0.08 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 1.00 | |||
8 Impulsivity (54) | −0.30 | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.28 | −0.28 | −0.26 | 1.00 | ||
Outcome Measures | ||||||||||
9 Achievement (G1) | 0.31 | −0.26 | −0.08 | −0.03 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.30 | −0.27 | 1.00 | |
10 Achievement (15) | 0.30 | −0.25 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.20 | −0.23 | 0.64 | 1.00 |
11 Behavior (G1) | −0.08 | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.30 | −0.08 | 0.05 | −0.09 | −0.11 |
12 Behavior (15) | −0.06 | 0.08 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.23 | −0.06 | 0.06 | −0.11 | −0.13 |
Demographic Controls | ||||||||||
13 Male | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.05 | −0.20 | −0.01 | 0.23 | −0.01 | 0.05 |
14 Black | −0.25 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.05 | −0.24 | −0.16 | −0.12 | 0.20 | −0.29 | −0.33 |
15 Hispanic | −0.03 | −0.00 | 0.06 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.03 |
16 Other | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.05 | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
17 Age | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.05 |
18 Log of Income | 0.30 | −0.26 | −0.08 | −0.03 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.19 | −0.19 | 0.37 | 0.40 |
19 Mother’s Age | 0.20 | −0.18 | −0.05 | −0.00 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.12 | −0.14 | 0.22 | 0.32 |
20 Mother’s Ed (yrs) | 0.25 | −0.19 | −0.09 | −0.04 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.16 | −0.20 | 0.35 | 0.42 |
21 Mother PPVT | 0.28 | −0.22 | −0.09 | −0.08 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.12 | −0.18 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
22 Site 1 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.06 | −0.06 | −0.06 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.14 |
23 Site 2 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
24 Site 3 | 0.07 | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.09 | −0.04 | −0.08 |
25 Site 4 | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.05 |
26 Site 5 | −0.06 | 0.02 | 0.06 | −0.00 | −0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.05 |
27 Site 6 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
28 Site 7 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.02 | −0.10 | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.02 |
29 Site 8 | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | −0.00 | −0.08 | −0.01 | 0.05 |
30 Site 9 | −0.04 | −0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
31 Birthweight (g’s) | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
32 Bracken | 0.28 | −0.22 | −0.10 | −0.04 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.26 | −0.29 | 0.54 | 0.50 |
33 Bayley | 0.34 | −0.27 | −0.08 | −0.06 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.24 | −0.24 | 0.42 | 0.39 |
34 Temperament | −0.08 | 0.11 | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.06 | −0.14 | −0.04 | 0.08 | −0.11 | −0.12 |
H.O.M.E. Controls | ||||||||||
35 Learn. Mater. | 0.29 | −0.23 | −0.11 | −0.02 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.15 | −0.23 | 0.38 | 0.40 |
36 Lang. Stim. | 0.21 | −0.18 | −0.05 | −0.04 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.08 | −0.14 | 0.25 | 0.21 |
37 Phys. Env. | 0.20 | −0.13 | −0.13 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.13 | −0.12 | 0.23 | 0.21 |
38 Responsivity | 0.19 | −0.13 | −0.08 | −0.05 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.14 | −0.12 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
39 Academ. Stim. | 0.21 | −0.17 | −0.06 | −0.01 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.05 | −0.15 | 0.23 | 0.20 |
40 Modeling | 0.17 | −0.11 | −0.06 | −0.05 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.10 | −0.07 | 0.23 | 0.25 |
41 Variety | 0.25 | −0.15 | −0.14 | −0.04 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.12 | −0.21 | 0.28 | 0.29 |
42 Acceptance | 0.12 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.13 | −0.17 | 0.16 | 0.19 |
43 Respons. Emp. | 0.20 | −0.14 | −0.08 | −0.05 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.12 | −0.10 | 0.20 | 0.16 |
54-month Controls | ||||||||||
44 Letter Word (54) | 0.28 | −0.22 | −0.09 | −0.03 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.25 | −0.24 | 0.60 | 0.49 |
45 App. Prob. (54) | 0.37 | −0.28 | −0.16 | −0.01 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.32 | −0.32 | 0.62 | 0.56 |
46 Pic. Vocab. (54) | 0.28 | −0.21 | −0.08 | −0.09 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.22 | −0.18 | 0.42 | 0.50 |
47 Mem. Sent. (54) | 0.29 | −0.25 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.22 | −0.21 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
48 Inc. Words (54) | 0.23 | −0.17 | −0.08 | −0.06 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.19 | −0.17 | 0.39 | 0.34 |
49 Internalizing (54) | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.00 | −0.04 | −0.17 | −0.05 | 0.08 | −0.07 | −0.08 |
50 Externalizing (54) | −0.10 | 0.07 | 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.09 | −0.39 | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.10 | −0.12 |
| ||||||||||
PANEL 2 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| ||||||||||
11 Behavior (G1) | 1.00 | |||||||||
12 Behavior (15) | 0.55 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Demographic Controls | ||||||||||
13 Male | −0.00 | −0.04 | 1.00 | |||||||
14 Black | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
15 Hispanic | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 1.00 | |||||
16 Other | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 1.00 | ||||
17 Age | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 1.00 | |||
18 Log of Income | −0.16 | −0.17 | −0.02 | −0.36 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 1.00 | ||
19 Mother’s Age | −0.18 | −0.21 | −0.04 | −0.28 | −0.10 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.54 | 1.00 | |
20 Mother’s Ed (yrs) | −0.13 | −0.17 | −0.04 | −0.22 | −0.11 | −0.03 | −0.00 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 1.00 |
21 Mother PPVT | −0.10 | −0.07 | −0.01 | −0.37 | −0.11 | −0.09 | −0.03 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.57 |
22 Site 1 | 0.09 | 0.07 | −0.00 | 0.11 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.09 | −0.06 |
23 Site 2 | −0.06 | −0.07 | 0.00 | −0.11 | 0.23 | −0.01 | −0.18 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
24 Site 3 | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.03 | 0.10 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 0.02 |
25 Site 4 | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.05 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.07 | −0.04 |
26 Site 5 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.13 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.22 | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
27 Site 6 | −0.07 | −0.08 | −0.02 | 0.11 | −0.06 | −0.01 | −0.10 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.13 |
28 Site 7 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.14 | −0.09 | −0.07 | −0.08 |
29 Site 8 | −0.02 | 0.05 | −0.00 | −0.05 | 0.00 | 0.11 | −0.19 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
30 Site 9 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.06 | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.06 | −0.08 | −0.12 |
31 Birthweight (g’s) | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.12 | −0.14 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
32 Bracken | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.15 | −0.32 | −0.07 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.42 |
33 Bayley | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.17 | −0.32 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.36 |
34 Temperament | 0.12 | 0.15 | −0.04 | 0.17 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.19 | −0.19 | −0.13 |
H.O.M.E. Controls | ||||||||||
35 Learn. Mater. | −0.10 | −0.11 | −0.05 | −0.39 | −0.12 | −0.08 | 0.03 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
36 Lang. Stim. | −0.01 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.11 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.24 |
37 Phys. Env. | −0.09 | −0.08 | 0.01 | −0.24 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.23 |
38 Responsivity | −0.09 | −0.07 | −0.02 | −0.22 | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.09 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.28 |
39 Academ. Stim. | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.17 | −0.09 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.25 |
40 Modeling | −0.07 | −0.04 | −0.05 | −0.15 | −0.06 | −0.06 | −0.05 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.33 |
41 Variety | −0.10 | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.27 | −0.09 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.39 |
42 Acceptance | −0.16 | −0.14 | −0.05 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
43 Respons. Emp. | −0.06 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.18 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.26 |
54-month Controls | ||||||||||
44 Letter Word (54) | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.10 | −0.20 | −0.08 | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.38 |
45 App. Prob. (54) | −0.04 | −0.12 | −0.10 | −0.32 | −0.07 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.40 |
46 Pic. Vocab. (54) | −0.09 | −0.04 | 0.10 | −0.33 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.40 |
47 Mem. Sent. (54) | −0.11 | −0.09 | −0.04 | −0.18 | −0.11 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.28 |
48 Inc. Words (54) | −0.05 | −0.12 | −0.00 | −0.18 | −0.10 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.24 |
49 Internalizing (54) | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.10 |
50 Externalizing (54) | 0.63 | 0.47 | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.01 | −0.12 | −0.13 | −0.13 |
| ||||||||||
PANEL 3 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
| ||||||||||
21 Mother PPVT | 1.00 | |||||||||
22 Site 1 | −0.10 | 1.00 | ||||||||
23 Site 2 | 0.04 | −0.10 | 1.00 | |||||||
24 Site 3 | −0.02 | −0.10 | −0.11 | 1.00 | ||||||
25 Site 4 | −0.02 | −0.10 | −0.11 | −0.11 | 1.00 | |||||
26 Site 5 | −0.01 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | 1.00 | ||||
27 Site 6 | 0.10 | −0.10 | −0.10 | −0.11 | −0.10 | −0.11 | 1.00 | |||
28 Site 7 | −0.01 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.11 | 1.00 | ||
29 Site 8 | 0.14 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.11 | −0.12 | 1.00 | |
30 Site 9 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.12 | 1.00 |
31 Birthweight (g’s) | 0.13 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.04 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
32 Bracken | 0.40 | −0.05 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 | −0.14 | 0.05 | −0.03 |
33 Bayley | 0.34 | −0.05 | 0.10 | −0.02 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.18 | −0.06 | −0.01 |
34 Temperament | −0.19 | 0.06 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
H.O.M.E. Controls | ||||||||||
35 Learn. Mater. | 0.47 | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
36 Lang. Stim. | 0.24 | 0.06 | −0.16 | −0.15 | −0.20 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
37 Phys. Env. | 0.19 | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.02 | −0.25 | −0.05 | 0.19 |
38 Responsivity | 0.27 | −0.11 | −0.01 | −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.11 | 0.30 | −0.30 | 0.12 | 0.06 |
39 Academ. Stim. | 0.24 | −0.01 | −0.18 | −0.06 | −0.07 | 0.04 | 0.12 | −0.11 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
40 Modeling | 0.29 | −0.00 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.00 | 0.15 | −0.08 | 0.03 | −0.06 |
41 Variety | 0.37 | 0.02 | −0.14 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.16 | −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
42 Acceptance | 0.20 | −0.10 | −0.00 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.14 |
43 Respons. Emp. | 0.25 | 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.15 | 0.17 | −0.12 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
54-month Controls | ||||||||||
44 Letter Word (54) | 0.34 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.10 | −0.08 | 0.03 | −0.05 |
45 App. Prob. (54) | 0.43 | −0.08 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.09 | −0.08 | 0.04 | −0.03 |
46 Pic. Vocab. (54) | 0.48 | −0.12 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.10 | −0.03 |
47 Mem. Sent. (54) | 0.30 | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
48 Inc. Words (54) | 0.27 | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.13 |
49 Internalizing (54) | −0.10 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.03 |
50 Externalizing (54) | −0.11 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.01 |
| ||||||||||
PANEL 4 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 |
| ||||||||||
31 Birthweight (g’s) | 1.00 | |||||||||
32 Bracken | 0.08 | 1.00 | ||||||||
33 Bayley | 0.06 | 0.52 | 1.00 | |||||||
34 Temperament | −0.04 | −0.15 | −0.12 | 1.00 | ||||||
H.O.M.E. Controls | ||||||||||
35 Learn. Mater. | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.43 | −0.12 | 1.00 | |||||
36 Lang. Stim. | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.23 | −0.04 | 0.51 | 1.00 | ||||
37 Phys. Env. | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.24 | −0.08 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 1.00 | |||
38 Responsivity | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.25 | −0.11 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 1.00 | ||
39 Academ. Stim. | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.26 | −0.02 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 1.00 | |
40 Modeling | 0.07 | 0.24 | 0.24 | −0.10 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 1.00 |
41 Variety | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.37 | −0.09 | 0.56 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.35 |
42 Acceptance | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.19 | −0.05 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.32 |
43 Respons. Emp. | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.19 | −0.12 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.26 | 0.77 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
54-month Controls | ||||||||||
44 Letter Word (54) | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.40 | −0.08 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.23 |
45 App. Prob. (54) | 0.09 | 0.57 | 0.56 | −0.13 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.18 |
46 Pic. Vocab. (54) | 0.12 | 0.46 | 0.44 | −0.12 | 0.43 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.21 |
47 Mem. Sent. (54) | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.43 | −0.08 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.14 |
48 Inc. Words (54) | 0.09 | 0.30 | 0.36 | −0.10 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.14 |
49 Internalizing (54) | 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.14 | −0.07 | −0.04 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.04 |
50 Externalizing (54) | 0.04 | −0.11 | −0.05 | 0.12 | −0.12 | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.07 | −0.11 |
| ||||||||||
PANEL 5 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 |
| ||||||||||
41 Variety | 1.00 | |||||||||
42 Acceptance | 0.23 | 1.00 | ||||||||
43 Respons. Emp. | 0.28 | 0.23 | 1.00 | |||||||
54-month Controls | ||||||||||
44 Letter Word (54) | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 1.00 | ||||||
45 App. Prob. (54) | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.58 | 1.00 | |||||
46 Pic. Vocab. (54) | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 1.00 | ||||
47 Mem. Sent. (54) | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 1.00 | |||
48 Inc. Words (54) | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 1.00 | ||
49 Internalizing (54) | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.04 | 1.00 | |
50 Externalizing (54) | −0.11 | −0.14 | −0.11 | −0.04 | −0.05 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.05 | 0.58 | 1.00 |
Note. n=918. All non-missing cases for each pairwise correlation were included. Tables 2 and 3 include the full variable names and labels. The supplementary material presents correlations for all variables shown separately by mother’s education. The “G1” abbreviation stands for “grade 1,” “15” stands for “age 15,” and “54” stands for 54 months.