Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of Statin Users and Nonusers Among Medicare Beneficiaries With TBI (N = 112 109).
| Statin Usea
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total Sample (N = 112 109) |
Statin Users (n = 45 752) |
Nonusers (n = 66 357) |
Pb |
| Mean age (SD) | 81.0 (8.1) | 79.9 (7.5) | 81.8 (8.2) | <.0001 |
| Age categories, n (%) | <.0001 | |||
| 65–75 | 26 548 (23.7) | 12 016 (26.3) | 14 532 (21.9) | |
| 76–85 | 45 064 (40.2) | 20 293 (44.4) | 24 771 (37.3) | |
| >85 | 40 497 (36.1) | 13 443 (29.4) | 27 054 (40.8) | |
| Sex n (%) | <.0001 | |||
| Male | 40 275 (35.9) | 17 252 (37.7) | 23 023 (34.7) | |
| Female | 71 834 (64.1) | 28 500 (62.3) | 43 334 (65.3) | |
| Race, n (%) | .0001 | |||
| White | 97 316 (86.8) | 39 728 (86.8) | 57 588 (86.8) | |
| Black | 6563 (5.9) | 2452 (5.4) | 4111 (6.2) | |
| Asian | 3008 (2.7) | 1416 (3.1) | 1592 (2.4) | |
| Hispanic | 3172 (2.8) | 1325 (2.9) | 1847 (2.8) | |
| Otherc | 2050 (1.8) | 831 (1.8) | 1219 (1.8) | |
| Median income | $49 987 | $50 660 | $49 518 | <.0001 |
| Geographical region, n (%) | <.0001 | |||
| Midwest | 28 712 (25.7) | 11 505 (25.3) | 17 207 (26.1) | |
| Northeast | 23 629 (21.2) | 10 111 (22.2) | 13 518 (20.5) | |
| South | 42 280 (37.9) | 17 015 (37.3) | 25 265 (38.2) | |
| West | 17 010 (15.2) | 6935 (15.2) | 10 075 (15.3) | |
| Provider characteristics per 100 000 (median) | ||||
| Physicians | 233.4 | 239.4 | 231.1 | <.0001 |
| Hospitals | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | <.0001 |
| Hospitals with trauma services | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | .0631 |
| Hospitals with neurological services | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | .8994 |
| Hospital beds | 301.9 | 300.6 | 303.6 | <.0001 |
| SNF stay prior to TBId, n (%) | 7557 (6.7) | 2964 (6.5) | 4593 (6.9) | .0036 |
| Chronic conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 101 791 (90.8) | 43 829 (95.8) | 57 962 (87.4) | <.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 84 279 (75.2) | 44 251 (96.7) | 40 028 (60.3) | <.0001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 77 992 (69.6) | 36 532 (79.9) | 41 460 (62.5) | <.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 57 794 (51.6) | 25 698 (56.2) | 32 096 (48.4) | <.0001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 9969 (8.9) | 6212 (13.6) | 3757 (5.7) | <.0001 |
| Valvular heart disease | 10 460 (9.3) | 5056 (11.1) | 5404 (8.1) | <.0001 |
| Diabetes | 47 909 (42.7) | 24 088 (52.7) | 23 821 (35.9) | <.0001 |
| ADRD | 42 422 (37.8) | 15 678 (34.3) | 26 744 (40.3) | <.0001 |
| Comorbidity burden,e mean (SD) | 5.0 (2.3) | 5.1 (2.2) | 5.0 (2.3) | <.0001 |
| Previous stroke event, n (%) | 37 121 (33.1) | 17 025 (37.2) | 20 096 (30.3) | <.0001 |
| TBI severity | ||||
| Mean SRRi (SD) | 0.88 (0.15) | 0.88 (0.15) | 0.88 (0.15) | .114 |
| Mean length of hospital stay (SD) | 6.3 (8.2) | 6.3 (8.8) | 6.4 (7.6) | .0395 |
Abbreviations: TBI, traumatic brain injury; SD, standard deviation; SNF, skilled nursing facility; ADRD, Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias; SRRi, independent survival risk ratio.
Beneficiaries were categorized as nonusers if they did not use statins at any time within 6 months prior to TBI, while beneficiaries were categorized as users if they had any statin use at any time within 6 months prior to TBI.
P value from χ2 test for categorical variables, Student’s t test for continuous variables, and Wilcoxon rank sum test to test differences between medians reflects comparison between statin users and nonusers.
Other races include Native American, other, and unknown race.
SNF stay in the month immediately preceding TBI.
Count of CCW chronic conditions excluding cardiovascular conditions (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, valvular heard disease) and diabetes and ADRD.