WT Caco-2 IECs were treated with 50μM of CoPP or vehicle overnight and HMOX1 expression measured by qPCR (A) and western blot (B). After vehicle or CoPP treatment, WT Caco-2 cells were treated with 10 ng/mL of IL-1β for 2 and 4h and chemokine expression assessed by qPCR (C–E). Combined results from 3 experiments. *, p <0.05; **, p <0.01; ***, p <0.001; ****, p <0.0001 compared to untreated vehicle ctrl or other comparison shown on graph.