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Model for cooperative contraction mechanism. Replacement of chloride by naphthoate (a→b) can lead to cation-π interactions and COO- ⋯ +NH3 salt bridges, with concomitant solvation water release. Introduction of second effector aminoacid (b→c): additional COO- ⋯ +NH3 salt bridges, more water release. The relevant non-covalent interactions are indicated as dashed lines. Reprinted with permission from ref. [66] Copyright (2007) American Chemical Society.
