Table 3.

Characteristics of patients who had lumbar vertebral fractures identified by either VFA or lumbar spine radiograph without lumbar spine Z-score discrepancy by DXA scan

Patient	Age (years)	Highest lumbar spine (DXA)	BMD Z-scores				VFA	X-ray	Fracture	Type	Referral diagnoses
			L1	L2	L3	L4
1	5	0.3	0.3	0.2	0	0	Not done	Yes	L1, L5	Mild (grade 1) wedge fracture of L1, mild (grade 1) crush fracture of L5	Recurrent multiple fractures
2	8	−2.3	−2.3	−3.1	−2.7	−3.3	Yes	Yes	L1–L5	Moderate (grade 2) wedge fracture of L1–L2, mild (grade 1) wedge fracture of L3–L5	Post heart transplant
3	12	−2.0	−2.2	−2.5	−2.0	−2.8	Yes	No	L1	Mild (grade 1) wedge fracture of L1	Opitz trigonocephaly C syndrome, vitamin D deficiency
4	13	−1.2	−1.4	−1.5	−1.2	−1.7	Yes	Yes	L2	Mild (grade 1) biconcave fracture of L2	Delayed puberty, short stature
5	14	−1.8	−1.8	−2.8	−2.8	−2.5	Not done	Yes	L1–L5	Severe (grade 3) wedge fracture of L1, moderate (grade 2) wedge fracture of L2–L5	Duchenne muscular dystrophy, short stature, chronic glucocorticoid use
6	16	−1.4	−2.2	−1.4	−2.1	−2.4	Yes	Not done	L2	Mild (grade 1) wedge fracture of L2	Complex neurodevelopmental syndrome, seizure, developmental delay, chronic phenytoin use

DXA, dual X-ray absorptiometry; VFA, vertebral fracture assessment.