Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Pregnant Women Residing in Los Angeles (n=566)
| Maternal Characteristics | n (%) | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | ||
| <20 | 32 (5.7) | |
| 20–24 | 147 (26.0) | |
| 25–29 | 178 (31.5) | |
| 30–34 | 152 (26.9) | |
| ≥35 | 57 (10.1) | |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 124 (21.9) | |
| Hispanic | 173 (30.6) | |
| African American | 238 (42.1) | |
| Asian | 24 (4.2) | |
| Other | 7 (1.2) | |
| Maternal education (years) | ||
| <12 | 92 (16.3) | |
| 12 | 189 (33.4) | |
| >12 | 285 (50.4) | |
| Marital status | ||
| Single, separated, divorced or widowed | 276 (48.8) | |
| Married | 290 (51.2) | |
| Parity | ||
| Nulliparous | 220 (38.9) | |
| Multiparous | 346 (61.1) | |
| Source of care payment | ||
| Government assisted insurancea | 263 (46.5) | |
| Private insurance (HMO or Other) | 303 (53.5) | |
| Infant’s sex | ||
| Male | 287 (50.7) | |
| Female | 279 (49.3) | |
| Maternal smoking | ||
| First pregnancy period | ||
| Smoker | 101 (18.0) | |
| Former smoker | 99 (17.7) | |
| Never smoker | 360 (64.3) | |
| Missing | (0.0) | |
| Second pregnancy period | ||
| Smoker | 101 (18.6) | |
| Former smoker | 94 (17.3) | |
| Never smoker | 346 (63.8) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.2) | |
| Third pregnancy period | ||
| Smoker | 79 (16.3) | |
| Former smoker | 90 (18.5) | |
| Never smoker | 316 (65.0) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.2) | |
| Maternal infections | ||
| First pregnancy period | ||
| Yes | 221(39.5) | |
| No | 339 (60.5) | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | |
| Second pregnancy period | ||
| Yes | 106 (19.6) | |
| No | 434 (80.1) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.4) | |
| Third pregnancy period | ||
| Yes | 93 (19.1) | |
| No | 392 (80.7) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.2) | |
| Maternal height (m) (n=560) | 1.63 (0.07) | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy weight (kg) (n=565) | 67.4 (17.6) | |
| Maternal pregnancy weight gain (kg) | ||
| First pregnancy period (n=557) | 5.3 (4.8) | |
| Second pregnancy period (n=536) | 4.7 (3.4) | |
| Third pregnancy period (n=480) | 4.1 (2.7) | |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) (n=566) | 39.1 (2.3) | |
| LUR NO2 (ppb) (n=557) | 22.7 (3.9) | |
| CALINE4 NOx (ppb) | ||
| First pregnancy period (n=555) | 62.7 (35.0) | |
| Second pregnancy period (n=531) | 58.1 (33.8) | |
| Third pregnancy period (n=479) | 57.0 (32.8) |
a
Includes 6 women who reported paying for care themselves
HMO, Health Maintenance Organization; LUR, land use regression; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; NOx, nitrogen oxides.