. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 7.

Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018 Sep;26(9):1491–1500. doi: 10.1002/oby.22267

Table 2.

Adjusted Mean Differences (MD) and Relative risks (RR) for Offspring Weight Outcomes Through Childhood and Adolescence According to Maternal Rotating Night Shiftwork History Before Pregnancy, Using Data From the Growing Up Today Study 2 From 2004 to 2013, Restricted to Singleton, Full-term Births.

	History of rotating night shift work
	Never worked rotating night shifts	<3 yrs		3–5 yrs		≥6 yrs		P trend	Ever worked rotating night shifts
Mean differences in offspring birth weight (grams)
Participants	1,458	1,305		964		416			2,685
		MD	95% CI	MD	95% CI	MD	95% CI		MD	95% CI
Basic model ^a	0 (reference)	10.68	−26.33, 47.69	0.98	−39.06, 41.03	−7.80	−65.11, 49.51	0.79	4.41	−27.48, 36.30
MV model 1 ^b	0 (reference)	12.16	−24.54, 48.87	4.73	−34.55, 44.02	−1.43	−59.29, 56.43	0.99	7.51	−23.89, 38.92
MV model 2 ^c	0 (reference)	10.33	−26.26, 49.91	2.39	−36.85, 41.64	−6.28	−63.84, 51.27	0.85	5.06	−26.32, 36.44
Relative risk of offspring’s somatotype at age 5 being larger than the median
Cases/participants	628/1,631	584/1,451		437/1,103		186/474			1,207/3,028
		RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI		RR	95% CI
Basic model ^a	1 (reference)	1.04	0.95, 1.14	1.02	0.93, 1.13	1.01	0.89, 1.15	0.82	1.03	0.95; 1.11
MV model 1 ^b	1 (reference)	1.03	0.94, 1.12	1.02	0.92, 1.12	1.01	0.88, 1.15	0.87	1.02	0.95; 1.10
MV model 2 ^c	1 (reference)	1.02	0.94, 1.12	1.01	0.92, 1.12	1.00	0.88, 1.14	0.97	1.02	0.94; 1.10
Relative risk of offspring having overweight or obesity at any time between 2004 and 2013 ^d
Cases/participants	523/1,667	523/1,494		394/1,125		168/487			1,085/3,106
		RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI		RR	95% CI
Basic model ^a	1 (reference)	1.10 1.00, 1.22		1.11	1.00, 1.24	1.08	0.94, 1.25	0.11	1.10	1.01, 1.20
MV model 1 ^b	1 (reference)	1.11	1.01, 1.23	1.12	1.01, 1.25	1.07	0.92, 1.23	0.14	1.11	1.02, 1.21
MV model 2 ^c	1 (reference)	1.11 1.00, 1.22		1.10	0.99, 1.23	1.03	0.89, 1.18	0.31	1.09	1.00, 1.19
Relative risk of offspring persistently having overweight or obesity ^e
Cases/participants	114/1,667	124/1,494		103/1,125		37/487			264/3,106
		RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI		RR	95% CI
Basic model^a	1 (reference)	1.19	0.92, 1.54	1.35	1.04, 1.76	1.07	0.74, 1.55	0.13	1.23	0.99, 1.53
MV model 1^b	1 (reference)	1.22	0.95, 1.58	1.39	1.06, 1.80	1.04	0.71, 1.52	0.17	1.25	1.00, 1.56
MV model 2 ^c	1 (reference)	1.21	0.94, 1.55	1.33	1.02, 1.73	0.96	0.67, 1.40	0.31	1.21	0.97, 1.51
Mean differences in offspring BMI (kg/m²) using n=15,008 repeated measurements from 2004–2013
Observations	5,309	4,674		3,528		1,487			9,689
		MD	95% CI	MD	95% CI	MD	95% CI		MD	95% CI
Basic model ^a^, ^f	0 (reference)	0.04	−0.20, 0.29	0.22	−0.04, 0.49	0.53	0.17, 0.89	<0.01	0.18	−0.03, 0.39
MV model 1 ^b	0 (reference)	0.07	−0.18, 0.31	0.26	−0.01, 0.52	0.49	0.13, 0.85	<0.01	0.20	−0.01, 0.41
MV model 2 ^c	0 (reference)	0.03	−0.21, 0.26	0.20	−0.06, 0.45	0.33	−0.02, 0.67	0.03	0.13	−0.01, 0.41

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference; MV, multivariable model; RR, relative risk

Adjusted for offspring gender (boy/girl) and gestational age ≥42 wks (yes/no)

Additionally adjusted for maternal age at pregnancy, smoking status before pregnancy (never, current, past), alternative healthy eating score (quintiles), physical activity (METs hours/week; quintiles), husband’s education (less than 2yr college, 4yr college, grad school), parity (nulliparity, 1, 2, 3+ previous pregnancies)

Additionally adjusted for BMI before pregnancy (<25, 25–29, ≥30 kg/m²)

Overweight and obesity status defined according to the age-and sex specific cutoffs from the International Obesity Task Force.

Persistently overweight or obese was defined as falling into that category in 3 consecutive follow-up cycles.

All models are additionally adjusted for age at BMI measurement.