. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 7.

Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018 Sep;26(9):1491–1500. doi: 10.1002/oby.22267

Table 3.

Adjusted Mean Differences (MD) and Relative Risks (RR) for Offspring Weight Outcomes Through Childhood and Adolescence by Categories of Average Number of Night Shifts Worked per Month During Pregnancy, Using Data From the Growing Up Today Study 2 from 2004 to 2013, Restricted to Singleton, Full Term Nirths (n=545).

	Average number of night shifts/ month
	None	<3 nights/month		3–9 nights/month		≥10 nights/month		P trend	Any no. nights/month
Mean differences in offspring birth weight (grams)
Participants	352	39		17		35			91
		MD	95% CI	MD	95% CI	MD	95% CI		MD	95% CI
Basic model ^a	0 (reference)	−54.19	−209.96, 101.58	−203.53	−432.97, 25.92	−46.27	−210.25, 117.70	0.23	−79.04	−187.53, 29.45
MV model 1 ^b	0 (reference)	−54.48	−215.12, 106.17	−231.85	−463.36, −0.33	18.94	−146.85, 184.73	0.58	−57.76	−170.10, 54.58
MV model 2 ^c	0 (reference)	−64.28	−225.75, 97.19	−223.23	−456.26, 9.80	19.51	−146.50, 185.51	0.60	−59.64	−172.11, 52.82
Relative risk of offspring’s somatotype at age 5 being larger than the median
Cases/participants	159/417	16/43		8/21		10/45			34/109
		RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI		RR	95% CI
Basic model ^a	1 (reference)	0.95	0.64, 1.42	1.01	0.57, 1.78	0.59	0.34, 1.04	0.08	0.82	0.60, 1.11
MV model 1 ^b	1 (reference)	0.96	0.62, 1.47	1.03	0.60, 1.78	0.59	0.33, 1.04	0.09	0.82	0.60, 1.12
MV model 2 ^c	1 (reference)	0.96	0.63, 1.48	1.06	0.61, 1.84	0.59	0.33, 1.05	0.10	0.82	0.60, 1.13
Relative risk of offspring having overweight or obesity at any time between 2004 and 2013 ^d
Cases/participants	156/431	12/43		4/21		13/45			29/109
		RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI		RR	95% CI
Basic model ^a	1 (reference)	0.75	0.46, 1.21	0.54	0.22, 1.33	0.82	0.51, 1.31	0.19	0.74	0.53, 1.03
MV model 1 ^b	1 (reference)	0.76	0.45, 1.29	0.51	0.20, 1.27	0.80	0.49, 1.29	0.16	0.73	0.51, 1.03
MV model 2 ^c	1 (reference)	0.80	0.48, 1.35	0.53	0.21, 1.37	0.78	0.48, 1.25	0.14	0.74	0.52, 1.05
Mean differences in offspring BMI (kg/m²) using n=1,632 repeated measurements from 2004–2013
Observations	1,306	120		64		142			326
		MD	95% CI	MD	95% CI	MD	95% CI		MD	95% CI
Basic model ^a^, ^f	0 (reference)	0.24	−0.85, 1.32	−0.27	−1.78, 1.23	−0.02	−1.07, 1.03	0.88	0.03	−0.69, 0.75
MV model 1 ^b	0 (reference)	0.21	−0.91, 1.34	−0.54	−2.08, 1.00	−0.21	−1.29, 0.87	0.56	−0.11	−0.86, 0.64
MV model 2 ^c	0 (reference)	0.45	−0.64, 1.54	−0.26	−1.75, 1.24	−0.31	−1.35, 0.73	0.53	−0.01	−0.74, 0.72

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference; MV, multivariable model; RR, relative risk

Adjusted for offspring gender (boy/girl) and gestational age ≥42 wks (yes/no)

Additionally adjusted for maternal age at pregnancy, smoking status before pregnancy (never, current, past), alternative healthy eating score (quintiles), physical activity (METs hours/week; quintiles), husband’s education (less than 2yr college, 4yr college, grad school), parity (nulliparity, 1, 2, 3+ previous pregnancies), history of rotating night shift work (never, <3 yrs, 3–5 yrs, ≥ 6 yrs).

Additionally adjusted for BMI before pregnancy (<25, 25–29, ≥30 kg/m²)

Overweight and obesity status defined according to the age-and sex specific cutoffs from the International Obesity Task Force.

All models are additionally adjusted for age at BMI measurement.