Table 4.

Standardized Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects for Relationship between Food Insecurity, Perceived Stress, Self-Care Behaviors and Glycemic Control in SEM model

	Direct Effects	Indirect Effects	Total Effects
Self-Care Behaviors
→ Food Insecurity	−0.36	-	−0.36
→ Perceived Stress	−0.54***	−0.05	−0.59***
→ Social Support	0.11	0.25***	0.36***
Perceived Stress
→ Social Support	−0.41***	-	−0.41***
Food Insecurity
→ Perceived Stress	0.14***	-	0.14***
→ Social Support	−0.02	−0.06***	−0.07***
Glycemic Control
→ Self-Care	−0.13	-	−0.13
→ Food Insecurity	0.66*	0.05	0.71*
→ Perceived Stress	0.21	0.17*	0.38**
→ Social Support	0.08	−0.18***	−0.10

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001

Note: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to investigate direct and indirect effect. Significant direct effects indicate direct association between variables. For example, increased food insecurity is associated with poorer glycemic control (i.e., higher glycosylated HbA1c). Significant indirect effects indicate pathways through which variables influence outcomes. For example, increased food insecurity is associated with social support through perceived stress.