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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 16.
Published in final edited form as: Genes Dis. 2016 Feb 21;3(2):114–123. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2016.02.002

Fig. 1. Signaling Pathways that have been implicated in the formation of HER2+ breast cancer stem cells.

Fig. 1

Breast cancer stem cells that originated from HER2+ breast cancer have both the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into progenitors and bulk tumor cells. Numerous pathways have been shown to promote self-renewal and differentiation. Notch, Wnt, and Sonic Hedgehog pathways are developmentally conserved and promote both normal and cancer stem functions. Other signaling pathways such as NF-κB, IL-8-CXCR, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, and PI3K-AKT have also been implicated in promoting self-renewal and differentiation of cancer stem cells.