Table 1. Effects of Individual Interventions over Five Years.
| Mean Changea Compared to the Status Quo | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Discounted Net Present LYsb in Thousands (%) | Discounted Net Present QALYsb in Thousands (%) | Pill Deaths (%) | Heroin Deaths (%) | Total Opioid Deaths (%) |
| Acute Pain Prescribing | 240 (0.004%) | −770 (−0.013%) | −2,000 (−2.3%) | 100 (0.0%) | −1,900 (−0.8%) |
| Prescribing for Transitioning Pain | 30 (0.001%) | 90 (0.002%) | −800 (−1.0%) | 700 (0.4%) | −200 (−0.1%) |
| Chronic Pain Prescribing | −90 (−0.002%) | 320 (0.005%) | −8,300 (−9.7%) | 10,600 (6.9%) | 2,300 (1.0%) |
| Drug Rescheduling | −1,330 (−0.021%) | 110 (0.002%) | −45,500 (−53.3%) | 70,000 (45.6%) | 24,500 (10.3%) |
| PMP | −1,260 (−0.020%) | −880 (−0.014%) | −19,100 (−22.4%) | 34,400 (22.4%) | 15,300 (6.4%) |
| Drug Reformulation | 150 (0.002%) | 1,060 (0.017%) | −15,600 (−18.3%) | 16,900 (11.0%) | 1,300 (0.5%) |
| Excess Opioid Disposal | 80 (0.001%) | 270 (0.004%) | −2,800 (−3.3%) | 2,500 (1.7%) | −300 (−0.1%) |
| Naloxone Availability | 640 (0.010%) | 530 (0.009%) | −4,200 (−4.9%) | −6,000 (−3.9%) | −10,200 (−4.3%) |
| Needle Exchange | 160 (0.003%) | 130 (0.002%) | 0 (0.0%) | −2,700 (−1.8%) | −2,700 (−1.1%) |
| MAT | 390 (0.006%) | 670 (0.011%) | −900 (−1.1%) | −4,000 (−2.6%) | −4,900 (−2.1%) |
| Psychosocial Treatment | 220 (0.004%) | 340 (0.005%) | −600 (−0.7%) | −1,300 (−0.9%) | −1,900 (−0.8%) |
Abbreviations: MAT = medication-assisted treatment ; PMP = prescription monitoring program
a
Ranges over the ten base cases are shown in Appendix Table 6.
b
Discounted to 2016.