Table.

Examples of health disparities (X-Y) where the joint contribution of environmental factors (E) and their modifiable sources (B) might be hypothesized from the literature.

Disparity of interest	Social/anthropological construct (X)	Modifiable sources of environmental factors (B)	Biomarkers of environmental toxicants (E)	Health Outcomes (Y)
1. African American race is associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease*	Race/ethnicity	Fast food consumption	Phthalates	Cardiovascular disease
2. Living longer in the U.S. is associated with higher risk of GDM in Asian immigrants	Acculturation	Occupational exposures (e.g. nail salons)	Toluene Formaldehyde	Gestational diabetes
3. African-American race is associated with higher risk of premature puberty	Race/ethnicity	Hair product use	Environmental phenols	Age at menarche
4. Poverty is associated with reduced IQ	Socioeconomic status	Housing and household factors (e.g furniture)	PBDEs	Neurodevelopment
5. Women have higher prevalence of asthma	Gender	Cleaning products	Volatile organic compounds	Asthma

^*Illustrative examples provided in the manuscript refer to the first line of this Table. These can be extended to any other environmental health disparity in which modifiable sources and biomarker of environmental exposures can be identified.