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. 2023 Mar 20;21(3):e07917. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7917

Avian influenza overview December 2022 – March 2023

European Food Safety Authority✉; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Cornelia Adlhoch, Alice Fusaro, José L Gonzales, Thijs Kuiken, Stefano Marangon, Grazina Mirinaviciute, Éric Niqueux, Karl Stahl, Christoph Staubach, Calogero Terregino, Alessandro Broglia, Francesca Baldinelli
PMCID: PMC10025949  PMID: 36949860

Abstract

Between 3 December 2022 and 1 March 2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, was reported in Europe in domestic (522) and wild (1,138) birds over 24 countries. An unexpected number of HPAI virus detections in sea birds were observed, mainly in gull species and particularly in black‐headed gulls (large mortality events were observed in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Italy). The close genetic relationship among viruses collected from black‐headed gulls suggests a southward spread of the virus. Moreover, the genetic analyses indicate that the virus persisted in Europe in residential wild birds during and after the summer months. Although the virus retained a preferential binding for avian‐like receptors, several mutations associated to increased zoonotic potential were detected. The risk of HPAI virus infection for poultry due to the virus circulating in black‐headed gulls and other gull species might increase during the coming months, as breeding bird colonies move inland with possible overlap with poultry production areas. Worldwide, HPAI A(H5N1) virus continued to spread southward in the Americas, from Mexico to southern Chile. The Peruvian pelican was the most frequently reported infected species with thousands of deaths being reported. The reporting of HPAI A(H5N1) in mammals also continued probably linked to feeding on infected wild birds. In Peru, a mass mortality event of sea lions was observed in January and February 2023. Since October 2022, six A(H5N1) detections in humans were reported from Cambodia (a family cluster with 2 people, clade 2.3.2.1c), China (2, clade 2.3.4.4b), Ecuador (1, clade 2.3.4.4b), and Vietnam (1, unspecified clade), as well as two A(H5N6) human infections from China. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian H5 influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe is assessed as low for the general population in the EU/EEA, and low to moderate for occupationally or otherwise exposed people.

Keywords: avian influenza, captive birds, HPAI, humans, monitoring, poultry, wild birds

Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) , EURL (European Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza) , Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Marangon S, Stahl K, Niqueux É, Staubach C, Terregino C, Mirinaviciute G, Aznar I, Broglia A and Baldinelli F, 2023. Scientific report: Avian influenza overview December 2022–March 2023. EFSA Journal 2023;21(3):7917, 43 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7917

Requestor: European Commission

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2023‐00094 and Commission request 280 to ECDC (SANTE.B.2/IK/mo (2023)2182203)

Acknowledgements: In addition to the listed authors, EFSA, ECDC and the EURL wish to thank the Member State representatives who provided epidemiological data on avian influenza outbreaks and the following Member State representatives who shared sequence data: Sandra Revilla‐Fernandeza and Irene Zimpernik (Austria), Mieke Steensels and Steven Van Borm (Belgium), Vasiliki Christodoulou (Cyprus), Alexander Nagy (Czech Republic), Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager (Denmark), Béatrice Grasland, Audrey Schmitz, François‐Xavier Briand (France), Timm Harder (Germany), Laura Garza Cuartero (Ireland), Chantal Snoeck (Luxembourg), Britt Gjerset (Norway), Krzysztof Śmietanka and Edyta Swieton (Poland), Iuliana Onita (Romania), Nancy Beerens (the Netherlands), Monserrat Agüero García and Azucena Sánchez (Spain), Siamak Zohari (Sweden); Claudia Bachofen from the Institute of Virology and Immunology (Switzerland), Ian Brown from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (United Kingdom); Camille Delavenne from AUSVET Europe for conducting the data analysis under the contract OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2021/02; Linnea Lindgren Kero for the support provided under the contract OC/EFSA/DATA/2021/; the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID's EpiFlu™ Database, which is used for this assessment; AI‐Impact, including DWHC, SOVON, and waarneming.nl for providing monthly data on gulls found dead in the Netherlands during the reporting period; Anne van de Wiele and Loïc Palumbo (Office Français de la Biodiversité ‐ French Biodiversity Agency) for information about wild bird situation; Edoardo Colzani from ECDC as well as Inma Aznar and Gina Cioacata from EFSA for the support provided to this scientific output.

Approved: 8 March 2023

This article was originally published on the EFSA website www.efsa.europa.eu on 13 March 2023 as part of EFSA's urgent publication procedures.

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