Changes to virus taxonomy and the ICTV Statutes ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2024)

Abstract

This article reports changes to virus taxonomy and taxon nomenclature that were approved and ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in April 2024. The entire ICTV membership was invited to vote on 203 taxonomic proposals that had been approved by the ICTV Executive Committee (EC) in July 2023 at the 55th EC meeting in Jena, Germany, or in the second EC vote in November 2023. All proposals were ratified by online vote. Taxonomic additions include one new phylum (Ambiviricota), one new class, nine new orders, three new suborders, 51 new families, 18 new subfamilies, 820 new genera, and 3547 new species (excluding taxa that have been abolished). Proposals to complete the process of species name replacement to the binomial (genus + species epithet) format were ratified. Currently, a total of 14,690 virus species have been established.

Introduction

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) follows an annual cycle of taxonomy updating in which proposed changes and additions to virus taxonomy are considered and implemented. The ICTV classification of viruses provides a framework for the taxonomic placement of viruses at ranks from species to realm and furthermore regulates their taxon names and typography. The ICTV Statutes (https://ictv.global/about/statutes) describe the process in which taxonomic proposals are submitted to the ICTV Executive Committee (EC) and undergo review with input from the ICTV Study Groups and Subcommittees, other interested virologists, and the EC. After final approval by the EC, proposals are placed on the ICTV website (https://ictv.global) for evaluation by the full ICTV membership, which ratifies them by online voting.

Proposal discussion and ratification

The EC of the ICTV held a hybrid meeting in Jena, Germany, on the 2nd - 4th August, 2023. The EC reviewed a total of 202 taxonomy proposals submitted to the seven subcommittees, including streamlined proposals that had been reviewed previously by at least two EC members, and two general proposals. Requested revisions to 13 proposals were reviewed and re-voted on by the EC in November 2023. The 2023 taxonomy proposals that were accepted by the EC were then placed on the ICTV website (https://ictv.global) for viewing by the full ICTV membership.

All proposals [1–203] were ratified in a vote held from the 28^th March to the 25^th April, 2024. A total of 125 out of 180 ICTV members (69%) voted on the proposals. All proposals received either 120 or 121 votes (i.e., 99.2% or 100%) in favour of ratification. A summary of the taxonomy changes enacted by the proposals is provided in Table 1. Each proposal is cited and listed in the References to acknowledge the authors’ efforts and to provide links to the specific proposal on the ICTV website. These documents and those from previous years are permanently available to provide full access to the text and listing of taxonomy changes made in each proposal (https://ictv.global/files/proposals/approved).

Table 1.

Summary of ratified taxonomic changes in 2024

Rank	MSL.38 totala	New	Abolished	Moved	Renamed	MSL.39 totalb	Net change
Realm	6	0	0	0	0	6	0
Subrealm	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kingdom	10	0	0	0	0	10	0
Subkingdom	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Phylum	17	1	0	0	0	18	+1
Subphylum	2	0	0	0	0	2	0
Class	40	1	0	0	1	41	+1
Subclass	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Order	72	9	0	0	3	81	+9
Suborder	8	3	0	0	0	11	+3
Family	264	51	−1	12	2	314	+50
Subfamily	182	18	0	1	1	200	+18
Genus	2818	820	−116	58	1	3522	+704
Subgenus	84	0	0	0	0	84	0
Species	11273	3547	−130	407	2884	14690	+3417

^aTotal number of taxa in the ICTV Master Species List (MSL) #38 prior to 2024 ratification

^bTotal number of taxa after the 2024 ratification vote (listed in the ICTV MSL #39)

Principal changes to virus taxonomy

The 2024 round of taxonomy proposals saw the near completion of the mandated change of species names to a binomial format (i.e., genus + species epithet) [204–206]. This accounted for the vast majority of the 2884 species name re-assignments (Table 1).

There were no major reorganisations of or additions to the higher ranks of ICTV taxonomy, with retention of the six originally proposed realms and 10 kingdoms (Table 1). There was, however, the important addition of a new phylum, Ambiviricota, to which a large number of mobile genetic elements infecting fungi, previously introduced into the literature as “ambiviruses”, were assigned [209]. These unusual viruses with circular RNA genomes of approximately 5 kb combine features of both typical RNA viruses and viroids. On the one hand, they encode a canonical, albeit highly divergent, RNA-directed RNA polymerase that is homologous to those of other RNA viruses in the realm Riboviria [207, 210]. On the other hand, their genomes also possess ribozymes in various combinations in both the sense and antisense orientation, consistent with a rolling-circle mechanism for genome replication found in deltaviruses (family Kolmioviridae [208] classified in the realm Ribozyviria) and viroids. The proposal [160] assigns ambiviricots to four different families and 20 species.

At lower ranks, taxonomy proposals considered by subcommittees for animal DNA viruses and retroviruses, animal viruses with dsRNA and -ssRNA genomes, bacterial viruses, and fungal and protist viruses entailed a considerable expansion in the number of virus orders, families, genera, and species within a range of virus groups. This notably included viruses assigned to the Cressdnaviricota, a phylum of eukaryotic small DNA viruses (realm Monodnaviria), which nearly doubled in terms of the number of included virus families (from 12 to 23); negative-stranded RNA viruses (phylum Negarnaviricota); and bacterial and archaeal viruses in the class Caudoviricetes that were previously classified into families based on tail morphology and are now being placed into a much larger number of families and orders based on metrics of genome relatedness [211]. So far, this process has led to the establishment of 74 new families and seven orders. In addition, Ghabrivirales, an order for dsRNA viruses mainly infecting fungi, underwent a major revision [168].

A general proposal [202] described the organisational changes required to coordinate ICTV meeting and election cycles with those of the International Congresses of Virology (ICV) organized by the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS). Elections to the ICTV EC had previously coincided with the ICV meetings, but the change to a two-year cycle of ICV meetings conflicts with the established three-year plenary sessions and election of the ICTV. Following the ratification of this general proposal, the ICTV will retain its three-year cycle; in the years when it coincides with the ICV meetings, the ICTV plenary meeting will be held in conjunction with the ICV. Otherwise, the plenary meeting will be held online after the EC annual meeting.

Implementation and access

The latest set of proposals approved by the EC was made available on the ICTV website in April 2024 as a single zip file and in a directory of individual files at https://ictv.global/files/proposals/approved, indexed by virus group and subcommittee.

Updated versions of the Master Species List (up to version 39), which list all of the currently approved taxa (Table 1), can be accessed on the ICTV website at https://ictv.global/msl. A similarly updated version 39 of the Virus Metadata Resource (VMR) is located at https://ictv.global/vmr. This resource provides details of exemplar virus isolates for each species including GenBank accession numbers.

Funding

F.M.Z. acknowledges financial support from Capes (Finance code 01), CNPq, and Fapemig. E.M.A. gratefully acknowledges funding by the U.K. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); this research was funded in part by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Microbes and Food Safety BB/X011011/1 and its constituent projects BBS/E/F/000PR13634, BBS/E/F/000PR13635, and BBS/E/F/000PR13636, as well as the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Food Microbiome and Health BB/X011054/1 and its constituent projects BBS/E/F/000PR13631 and BBS/E/F/000PR13633. B.E.D. is supported by the European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator grant 865694: DiversiPHI, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2051 – Project-ID 390713860, European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Innovative Training Networks grant agreement no. 955974 (VIROINF), and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in the context of an Alexander von Humboldt-Professorship funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, prime contract with the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. A.R.M. is a Program Director at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF); the statements and opinions expressed herein are made in a personal capacity and do not constitute endorsement by the NSF or the government of the United States. H.M.O. was supported by the University of Helsinki and the Research Council of Finland by funding for FINStruct and Instruct Centre FI, part of Biocenter Finland and Instruct-ERIC. D.L.R. is supported by the U.K. Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00034/5). D.B.S. is supported by the Microbiology Society. S.S. acknowledges support from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), USDA-ARS project 58-6066-3-044, USDA-NIFA SCRI Project 1029242, and NIFA-USDA Hatch Project 7006130. E.J.L, D.M.D, and R.C.H were supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U24AI162625. The work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (https://ror.org/04xm1d337), a DOE Office of Science User Facility, is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 (S.R.). F.O.A. was supported by a National Institutes of Health grant (no. 1R35GM147290-01). N.S. was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) (KAKENHI 21H05035). J.F.A. acknowledges financial support from Fapesp (2019/25078-9) and CNPq (312528/2020-5). M.Ł. was supported by statutory funds for the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Except for Donald M. Dempsey, R. Curtis Hendrickson, and Donald B. Smith, the authors were members of the ICTV EC spanning the 2020–2023 and 2023–2026 terms when the proposals were submitted and ratified. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the US Department of Health and Human Services or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of their affiliates, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any author accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.

Data availability

All Taxonomy Proposals and all other ICTV resources mentioned in this article are freely available at the ICTV website (https://ictv.global/).

Declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

None of the work reported involved research on human participants or animals. All authors have contributed to this work and agreed to its publication.