Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Bulletin of the World Health Organization logoLink to Bulletin of the World Health Organization
. 1962;26(2):241–252.

Yearly incidence of penicillin-resistant staphylococci in man since 1942

E Munch-Petersen, C Boundy
PMCID: PMC2555683  PMID: 14477181

Abstract

For this study of the year-by-year change in the incidence of carriage of or infection by penicillin-resistant, coagulase-positive or haemolytic staphylococci in man, 248 contributions to the medical literature have been analysed and grouped under three main headings: people in hospitals, people with clinical signs attending out-patients' wards or doctors' surgeries, and people not currently receiving medical care.

This analysis shows that there has been a steady increase in resistant strains among persons of the first group from 1942 to 1955, followed by a slight decrease to 1959, possibly owing to more discriminating use of penicillin. A steady increase was found in the other two groups from 1942 to 1959, the rate of increase being more pronounced among the group with clinical signs.

The authors draw attention to the possible influence of the ingestion of penicillin with food on the incidence of resistant strains; the occurrence of such strains in certain foods; and the need for standardized techniques for sampling, for testing for staphylococci and for determining resistance.

Full text

PDF
241

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ALDER V. G., GILLESPIE W. A., HERDAN G. Production of opacity in egg-yolk broth by Staphylococci from various sources. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1953 Jul;66(1):205–210. doi: 10.1002/path.1700660123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. ALDER V. G., GILLESPIE W. A., THOMPSON M. E. Virulence and phage patterns of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococci in a hospital. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1955 Oct;70(2):503–511. doi: 10.1002/path.1700700228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. ALTEMEIER W. A. Cyclic variations in the resistance in Staphylococci isolated from surgical infections during the past five years. Antibiot Annu. 1956:629–633. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. ANTTONEN V. M. The resistance of staphylococci to antibiotics and sulfa drugs. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1955;33(1-2):145–152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BALDWIN J. N., RHEINS M. S., SHAFFER T. E., SYLVESTER R. F., Jr Staphylococcal infections in newborn infants. I. Study of an epidemic among infants and nursing mothers. Pediatrics. 1956 Nov;18(5):750–761. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. BARBER M., BURSTON J. Antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal infection; a study of antibiotic sensitivity in relation to bacteriophage types. Lancet. 1955 Sep 17;269(6890):578–583. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92582-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. BARBER M., CSILLAG A., MEDWAY A. J. Staphylococcal infection resistant to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and novobiocin; effect of antibiotic combinations on the emergence of resistant strains. Br Med J. 1958 Dec 6;2(5109):1377–1380. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5109.1377. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. BARBER M., DUTTON A. A. Antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal outbreaks in a medical and a surgical ward. Lancet. 1958 Jul 12;2(7037):64–68. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(58)91241-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. BARBER M., DUTTON A. A., BEARD M. A., ELMES P. C., WILLIAMS R. Reversal of antibiotic resistance in hospital staphylococcal infection. Br Med J. 1960 Jan 2;1(5165):11–17. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5165.11. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. BARBER M., HAYHOE F. G. J., WHITEHEAD J. E. M. Penicillin-resistant staphylococcal infection in a maternity hospital. Lancet. 1949 Dec 17;2(6590):1120–1125. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(49)91144-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. BARBER M., WHITEHEAD J. E. M. Bacteriophage types in penicillin-resistant staphylococcal infection. Br Med J. 1949 Sep 10;2(4627):565–569. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4627.565. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. BARBER M., WILSON B. D., RIPPON J. E., WILLIAMS R. E. Spread of Staphylococcus aureus in a maternity department in the absence of severe sepsis. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp. 1953 Aug;60(4):476–482. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1953.tb07223.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. BARROW G. I. Clinical and bacteriological aspects of impetigo contagiosa. J Hyg (Lond) 1955 Dec;53(4):495–508. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400000991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. BEEZY R., BORMES R. E., KOCH M. L. The patient as a source of nosocomial staphylococcal infections. Antibiotic Med Clin Ther (New York) 1959 Jul;6(7):401–406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. BEIGELMAN P. M., RANTZ L. A. The clinical importance of coagulase-positive, penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 1950 Mar 9;242(10):353–358. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195003092421002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. BENNETT I. L., Jr, PETERSDORF R. G., ROSE M. C. The sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria to a series of antibiotics. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1957 Jan;100(1):1–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. BERGER K. Ueber die Häufigkeitszunahme penicillinresistenter pathogener Kokken. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1949 Nov 19;99(45-46):536–541. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. BERNTSEN C. A., McDERMOTT W. Increased transmissibility of staphylococci to patients receiving an antimicrobial drug. N Engl J Med. 1960 Mar 31;262:637–642. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196003312621301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. BIRNSTINGL M. A., SHOOTER R. A., HUNT M. F. Sensitivity to five antibiotics of strains of Staph. pyogenes isolated from outpatients. Br Med J. 1952 Aug 2;2(4778):253–254. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4778.253. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. BLOWERS R., MASON G. A., WALLACE K. R., WALTON M. Control of wound infection in a thoracic surgery unit. Lancet. 1955 Oct 15;269(6894):786–794. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92385-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. BOE J., VOGELSANG T. M. Penicillin-resistant pathogenic staphylococci. II. Increasing incidence of resistant strains in the upper respiratory tract. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1951;29(4):368–372. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1951.tb00141.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. BONDI A., PFAFF F., FREE E., SWERLICK R. Public health aspects of the development of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1954 Jun;44(6):789–793. doi: 10.2105/ajph.44.6.789. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. BORCHARDT K. A., ANDREWS D. H. Comparison of tube dilution and disc (agar diffusion) methods for testing microbial susceptibility to antibiotics. Antibiot Chemother (Northfield) 1959 Oct;9:596–599. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. BREINL W. A survey of the penicillin sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus in general practice. Med J Aust. 1959 Sep 12;46(2):355–357. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1959.tb76401.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. BUBB H. Bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. S Afr Med J. 1958 Nov 15;32(46):1101–1102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. BUHR A. J., SCOTT J. C. Penicillin-resistant staphylococci; incidence in outpatients with hand infections. Lancet. 1959 May 16;1(7081):1019–1021. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(59)91259-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. BURKINSHAW J., HAMER J., SWIER J. Staphylococcal nasal carrier rates in a maternity hospital. N Z Med J. 1958 Aug;57(320):366–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. BYNOE E. T., ELDER R. H., COMTOIS R. D. Phage-typing and antibiotic-resistance of staphylococci isolated in a general hospital. Can J Microbiol. 1956 May;2(3):346–358. doi: 10.1139/m56-041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. CASTELLO L., MAGGIA O. Ricerche sulla presenza nella mucosa nasale del neonato nei primi giorni di vita di stafilococchi, con particolare riferimento alla loro sensibilità o meno alla penicillina. G Batteriol Immunol. 1951 Mar-Apr;43(3-4):120–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. CASWELL H. T., SCHRECK K. M., BURNETT W. E., CARRINGTON E. R., LEARNER N., STEEL H. H., TYSON R. R., WRIGHT W. C. Bacteriologic and clinical experiences and the methods of control of hospital infections due to antibiotic resistant staphylococci. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1958 Jan;106(1):1–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. CHABBERT Y. Sensibilité aux antibiotiques de 700 souches de germes aérobies titrées en 1950. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1951 Jun;80(6):627–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. CHABBERT Y., TERRIAL G., SCHUTZENBERGER M. P. Evolution de la sensibilité aux antibiotiques des germes isolés chez les malades de ville de 1949 a 1952. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1953 May;84(5):952–955. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. CHANDLER C. A., DAVIDSON V. Z., LONG P. H., MONNIER J. J. Studies on resistance of staphylococci to penicillin: the production of penicillinase and its inhibition by the action of aureomycin. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1951 Aug;89(2):81–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. CHENG W. F., LIU T. Y. Incidence of antibiotic resistant staphylococci in a children's hospital. Chin Med J. 1958 Jun;76(6):574–580. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. CLARKE A. J., MCGEOCH A. H., SIPPE G. R. Neonatal infection of the skin by Staphylococcus pyogenes. Med J Aust. 1956 Apr 21;43(16):655–658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. CLARKE S. K. R., DALGLEISH P. G., GILLESPIE W. A. Hospital cross-infections with staphylococci resistant to several antibiotics. Lancet. 1952 Jun 7;1(6719):1132–1135. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(52)91038-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. COLLARD P., HARRIS W. A study of the antibiotic sensitivity of Staphyloccocus pyogenes in an urban Nigerian community; with a note on the relationship of penicillin resistance to penicillinase activity. West Afr Med J. 1959 Feb;8(1):28–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. COVENTRY K. J., ISBISTER C. A bacteriological and clinical study of infection in newborn babies in a maternity hospital nursery. Med J Aust. 1951 Sep 22;2(12):394–396. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1951.tb68387.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. DEL CAMPO A. Diffusione e caratteristiche degli stafilococchi nella popolazione sana. Nuovi Ann Ig Microbiol. 1957 Jul-Aug;8(4):385–394. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. DELCOUR G. Staphylocoques et antibiotiques. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop (1920) 1954 Aug 31;34(4):407–416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. DENTON G. D., KALZ G., FOLEY A. R. An investigation of an outbreak of Staphylococcus folliculitis by the use of bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus pyogenes. Can Med Assoc J. 1950 Mar;62(3):219–228. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. DISNEY M. E., WOLFF J., WOOD B. S. Staphylococcal pneumonia in infants. Lancet. 1956 May 26;270(6926):767–771. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(56)91237-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. DOWLING H. F., LEPPER M. H., JACKSON G. G. Observations on the epidemiological spread of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci, with measurements of the changes in sensitivity to penicillin and aureomycin. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1953 Jul;43(7):860–868. doi: 10.2105/ajph.43.7.860. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. EDMUNDS P. N., ELIAS-JONES T. F., FORFAR J. O., BALF C. L. Pathogenic staphylococci in the environment of the newborn infant. Br Med J. 1955 Apr 23;1(4920):990–994. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4920.990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. ELWOOD J. S. The penicillin sensitivity and phage types of staphylococci isolated from hospital patients. J Hyg (Lond) 1951 Jun-Sep;49(2-3):263–267. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400044144. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. ERIKSEN K. R. Nosocomiel infektion med stafylokokker resistente overfor penicillin og andre antibiotica. Ugeskr Laeger. 1952 Nov 6;114(45):1607–1613. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. FAIRBROTHER R. W., MARTYN G., PARKER L. The laboratory control of antibiotic therapy. Lancet. 1951 Sep 22;2(6682):516–519. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)93070-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. FAIRBROTHER R. W. Mixed staphylococcal infections; the development of penicillin-resistant strains. Lancet. 1956 May 19;270(6925):716–718. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(56)90746-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. FARRER S. M., MACLEOD C. M. Staphylococcal infections in a general hospital. Am J Hyg. 1960 Jul;72:38–58. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. FARRER S. M., RUSSO R., BAVARA C., WERTHAMER S. Surveillance and control of staphylococcic infections in a maternity unit. J Am Med Assoc. 1959 Oct 24;171:1072–1079. doi: 10.1001/jama.1959.03010260028006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. FAST J., KRZYWY T., STANECKI J. Badania nad nosicielstwem gronkowców w nosie i w gardle z uwzglednieniem ich własności biochemicznych i oporności na antybiotyki. Med Dosw Mikrobiol. 1957;9(1):89–99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. FELSEN J., LAPIN J., WOLARSKY W., WEIL A. F., FOX I. Staphylococcic infections in hospital nurseries and pediatrics wards. AMA Am J Dis Child. 1951 Apr;81(4):534–540. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1951.02040030545007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. FINLAND M. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. N Engl J Med. 1955 Nov 24;253(21):909–contd. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195511242532105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. FINLAND M., HAIGHT T. H. Antibiotic resistance of pathogenic staphylococci; study of five hundred strains isolated at Boston City Hospital from October, 1951, to February, 1952. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1953 Feb;91(2):143–158. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1953.00240140003001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. FISCHER H. G. Die Häufigkeit penicillinresistenter Staphylokokken. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1959 Feb 13;84(7):257–258. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1113586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. FLANIGAN C., Jr, LEMING B. H., Jr, LAWRENCE J. A study of possible in vitro oleandomycin resistance increase in Staphylococcus aureus; a preliminary report. Antibiot Annu. 1958;6:977–980. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. FORBES G. B. Infection with penicillin-resistant staphylococci in hospital and general practice. Br Med J. 1949 Sep 10;2(4627):569–571. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4627.569. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. FORFAR J. O., BALF C. L., ELIAS-JONES T. F., EDMUNDS P. N. Staphylococcal infection of the newborn. Br Med J. 1953 Jul 25;2(4829):170–174. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4829.170. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. FORFAR J. O., MACCABE A. F., BALF C. L., WRIGHT H. A., GOULD J. C. Staphylococcal infection in the newborn treated with erythromycin. Lancet. 1955 Mar 19;268(6864):584–587. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)91634-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. FORFAR J. O., MACCABE A. F. Masking and gowning in nurseries for the newborn infant; effect on staphylococcal carriage and infection. Br Med J. 1958 Jan 11;1(5062):76–79. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5062.76. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. FRY J. Antibiotics in acute tonsillitis and acute otitis media. Br Med J. 1958 Oct 11;2(5101):883–886. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5101.883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. FUSILLO M. H., ROERIG R. N., METZGER J. F., ERNST K. F. Phage typing antibiotic-resistant staphylococci. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1954 Mar;44(3):317–322. doi: 10.2105/ajph.44.3.317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. GILES C., SHUTTLEWORTH E. M. The sensitivity of various bacteria to antibiotics during the years 1951 to 1956. J Clin Pathol. 1958 Mar;11(2):185–189. doi: 10.1136/jcp.11.2.185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. GILLESPIE W. A., ALDER V. G. Production of opacity in egg-yolk media by coagulase-positive staphylococci. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1952 Jan;64(1):187–200. doi: 10.1002/path.1700640119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. GILLESPIE W. A., SIMPSON K., TOZER R. C. Staphylococcal infection in a maternity hospital; epidemiology and control. Lancet. 1958 Nov 22;2(7056):1075–1080. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(58)92462-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. GOODIER T. E., PARRY W. R. Sensitivity of clinically important bacteria to six common antibacterial substances. Lancet. 1959 Feb 14;1(7068):356–357. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(59)90333-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. GOSLINGS W. R., BUCHLI K. Nasal carrier rate of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci; influence of hospitalization on carrier rate in patients, and their household contacts. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1958 Nov;102(5):691–715. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1958.00260220007002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. GOSLINGS W. R., HIEN T. L., BOTS A. W. Infections with antibiotic-resistant Staphylococci. II. Results of sensitivity tests in Staphylococci of various origin. Acta Med Scand. 1955 Dec 7;152(6):439–449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. GOULD J. C., ALLAN W. S. Staphylococcus pyogenes cross-infection; prevention by treatment of carriers. Lancet. 1954 Nov 13;267(6846):988–989. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(54)90541-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. GOULD J. C., CRUIKSHANK J. D. Staphylococcal infection in general practice. Lancet. 1957 Dec 7;273(7006):1157–1161. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)92063-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. GOULD J. C. Environmental penicillin and penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet. 1958 Mar 8;1(7019):489–493. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(58)90807-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. GOULD J. C., McKILLOP E. J. Staphylococcus pyogenes: the antibiotic sensitivity of strains isolated from human carriers. J Hyg (Lond) 1954 Dec;52(4):486–491. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400036950. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. GOULD J. C. Origin of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci. Nature. 1957 Aug 10;180(4580):282–283. doi: 10.1038/180282b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. GREENDYKE R. M., CONSTANTINE H. P., MAGRUDER G. B., DEAN D. C., GARDNER J. H., MORGAN H. R. Staphylococci on a medical ward, with special reference to fecal carriers. Am J Clin Pathol. 1958 Oct;30(4):318–322. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/30.4.318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. GRIFFITH R. S., BONIECE W. S., McGUIRE J. M., WOLFE R. N., JOINER M., WICK W. E., HOLMES D. E. Biological and antibiotic sensitivity studies on street staphylococci. Antibiot Annu. 1957;5:370–379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. GRIFFITHS E., JONES P. F. The comparative merits of sodium and procaine penicillin given infrequently. Br Med J. 1949 Oct 29;2(4634):958–961. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4634.958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. GRUN L., RIESCHEL H., FLEISCHHAUER H. W. Zum heutigen Stand der antibiotischen Behandlung von Staphylokokkeninfektionen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1953 Sep 18;78(38):1298–1299. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1114933. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. GRUN L. Serologische Untersuchungen an pyogenen Staphylokokken. Z Hyg Infektionskr. 1957;144(3):238–247. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. GRUN L. Untersuchungen an Darmstaphylokokken. Arch Hyg Bakteriol. 1958;142(1):3–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Garrod L. P. REPORT ON THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF PENICILLIN: VIII. Laboratory Control of Penicillin Therapy. Br Med J. 1944 Apr 15;1(4345):528–530. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4345.528. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. HARE R., RIDLEY M. Further studies on the transmission of Staph. aureus. Br Med J. 1958 Jan 11;1(5062):69–73. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5062.69. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. HEIN H. Untersuchungen über mehrfach resistente Staphylokokken mit Penicillin, Streptomycin, Oxytetracyclin, Tetracyclin, Cloramphenicol, Neomycin, Bacitracin, Tyrothricin, Nebacetin und Tyrosolvin-Aerosol. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1957 Sep 6;82(35/II):1475–1480. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1116911. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. HERS J. F., GOSLINGS W. R., MASUREL N., MULDER J. Death from Asiatic influenza in the Netherlands. Lancet. 1957 Dec 7;273(7006):1164–1165. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)92066-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. HINTON N. A., ORR J. H. Studies on the incidence and distribution of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococci. J Lab Clin Med. 1957 Apr;49(4):566–572. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. HOFSTAD T., VOGELSANG T. M. Studies of pathogenic staphylococci among the staff in a department of medicine and infectious disease. 2. Antibiogram determinations. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1960;48:149–154. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1960.tb04751.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. HOLLAND W. W., TANNER E. I., PEREIRA M. S., TAYLOR C. E. A study of the aetiology of respiratory disease in a general hospital. Br Med J. 1960 Jun 25;1(5190):1917–1922. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5190.1917. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. HOLLOWAY W. J., SCOTT E. G. Studies on the staphylococcus. I. Antibiotic susceptibility. Del Med J. 1955 Jul;27(7):143–144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. HOLLOWAY W. J., SCOTT E. G. Studies on the staphylococcus. II. Nasopharyngeal carriers. Del Med J. 1956 Jan;28(1):4–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. HOWE C. W. Postoperative wound infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 1954 Sep 9;251(11):411–417. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195409092511101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. HOWE C. W. Prevention and control of postoperative wound infections owing to Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 1956 Oct 25;255(17):787–794. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195610252551701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. HSIE J. Y., KOTZ R., NUSSER W., FRIEMAN E. Evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity of the common pathogenic bacteria. Antibiot Annu. 1956:185–190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. HURST V. Penicillin resistance of staphylococci carried by infants and young children. J Lab Clin Med. 1958 Aug;52(2):254–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. HURST V. Staphylococcus aureus in the infant upper respiratory tract. I. Observations on hospital-born babies. J Hyg (Lond) 1957 Sep;55(3):299–312. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400037219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. HURST V. Staphylococcus aureus in the infant upper respiratory tract. II. Observations on domiciliary-delivered babies. J Hyg (Lond) 1957 Sep;55(3):313–321. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400037220. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. HUTCHISON J. G., GREEN C. A., GRIMSON T. A. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in nurses. J Clin Pathol. 1957 Feb;10(1):92–95. doi: 10.1136/jcp.10.1.92. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Harley H. R., Baty J. A., Bowie J. H. The Pathogenicity of Penicillin-insensitive Infection. Br Med J. 1946 Apr 27;1(4451):639–643. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. ISBISTER C., DURIE E. B., ROUNTREE P. M., FREEMAN B. M. Further study of staphylococcal infection of the new-born. Med J Aust. 1954 Dec 4;2(23):897–900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. JANTET G. H. Staphylococcal infection in hospitals. Postgrad Med J. 1959 Jul;35:421–425. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.35.405.421. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. JESSEN O., FABER V., ROSENDAL K., ERIKSEN K. R. Some properties of Staphylococcus aureus, possibly related to pathogenicity. Part 1. A study of 446 strains from different types of human infection. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1959;47:316–326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. KNIGHT I. C., NOLAN B. Breast abscess. Br Med J. 1959 May 9;1(5131):1224–1226. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5131.1224. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. KNIGHT V., COLLINS H. S. A current view on the problem of drug resistant staphylococci and staphylococcal infection. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1955 Aug;31(8):549–568. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. KNIGHT V., HOLZER A. R. Studies on staphylococci from hospital patients. I. Predominance of strains of group III phage patterns which are resistant to multiple antibiotics. J Clin Invest. 1954 Sep;33(9):1190–1198. doi: 10.1172/JCI102992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. KNIGHT V., WHITE A. C., MARTIN M. P. The effect of antimicrobial drugs on the staphylococcal flora of hospital patients. Ann Intern Med. 1958 Sep;49(3):536–543. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-49-3-536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. KRESKY B., ELIAS H. L. Epidemiology of staphylococcic infection in nursery of small community hospital. J Am Med Assoc. 1959 Oct 24;171:1080–1085. doi: 10.1001/jama.1959.03010260036007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. KRYNSKI S., KEDZIA W., BECLA E. Badania porównawcze nad opornościa gronkowców pochodzacych z róznych środowisk województwa gdańskiego. Med Dosw Mikrobiol. 1957;9(4):351–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. LAURELL G., WALLMARK G. Studies of Staphylococcus aureus pyogenes in a children's hospital. I. Incidence in patients and staff. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1953;32(3):424–431. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. LAUTERMANN R., GRUN L. Zur Epidemiologie der postoperativen Wundinfektionen in der Gesichtschirurgie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1958 May 23;83(21):922–924. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1114377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. LEPPER M. H., DOWLING H. F., JACKSON G. G., HIRSCH M. M. Epidemiology of penicillin- and aureomycin-resistant staphylococci in a hospital population. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1953 Jul;92(1):40–50. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1953.00240190052003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. LEYTON G. B. Some observations on staphylococci and their resistance to antibiotics. Can Med Assoc J. 1952 Jul;67(1):20–22. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. LINSELL W. D. The antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci. J Clin Pathol. 1952 May;5(2):165–168. doi: 10.1136/jcp.5.2.165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. LIU C. C., CHANG H. T. Sensitivity of staphylococci and streptococci to antibiotics and infections caused by penicillin resistant staphylococci. Chin Med J. 1954 Jul-Aug;72(4):303–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. LOH W. P., STREET R. B., Jr Staphylococci in a community hospital. I. Nasopharyngeal-carrier rate of hospital personnel on maternity wards and antibiotic sensitivity of the staphylococci isolated. N Engl J Med. 1957 Jan 24;256(4):177–179. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195701242560407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. LOWBURY E. J. Symposium on epidemiological risks of antibiotics: hospital infection. Proc R Soc Med. 1958 Oct;51(10):807–810. doi: 10.1177/003591575805101006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. LUDLAM G. B. Incidence and penicillin sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus in the nose in infants and their mothers. J Hyg (Lond) 1953 Mar;51(1):64–74. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400015503. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. LUND E. Erythromycin; a new antibiotic. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1953;33(4):393–400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. LUTZ A., GROOTTEN O., HOFFERER M. J. Evolution et modifications de la résistance des staphylocoques pathogènes à six antibiotiques usuels de 1950 à 1956; l'action comparée in vitro de l'érythromycine, de la magnamycine, de la spiramycine, de la novobiocine (albamycine) et de l'oléandomycine. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1957 Jun;92(6):778–789. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. MACCABE A. F. Staphylococcal infection complicating respiratory disease. Scott Med J. 1959 Feb;4(2):75–79. doi: 10.1177/003693305900400203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. MACFARLANE D. A., MURRELL J. S., SHOOTER R. A., CURWEN M. P. Staphylococcal sepsis in out-patients. Relation of penicillin resistance to previous contact with hospitals. Br Med J. 1960 Sep 24;2(5203):900–902. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5203.900. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. MANN P. H. Additional studies comparing the in vitro susceptibility of strains of Staphylococcus aureus to various antibiotics. Antibiot Chemother (Northfield) 1959 Dec;9:755–756. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. MARKHAM N. P., SHOTT H. C. Staphylococcal infection in general and hospital practice. N Z Med J. 1958 Feb;57(317):55–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. MARKHAM N. P., STENHOUSE A. C. A bacteriological investigation of wound infections in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1959 Sep;53:404–409. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(59)90042-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. MARLEY E. Susceptibility to methylpentynol and methylpentynol carbamate. Br Med J. 1958 Aug 23;2(5094):493–493. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5094.493. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. MARSH F., RODWAY H. E. Bacteriology of air and dust in a maternity hospital. Lancet. 1954 Jan 16;266(6803):125–127. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(54)90979-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. MARTIN T. D. M., WHITEHEAD J. E. M. Carriage of penicillin-resistant Staph~ pyogenes in healthy adults. Br Med J. 1949 Jan 29;1(4595):173–175. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4595.173. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. MARTYN G. Staphylococci in the newborn; their coagulase production and resistance to penicillin and streptomycin. Br Med J. 1949 Apr 23;1(4607):710–712. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4607.710. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. MARTYN G. The relation of Staphylococcus pyogenes to infantile diarrhoea and vomiting. Br Med J. 1949 Nov 19;2(4637):1146–1148. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4637.1146. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. MCDERMOTT W. Host factors in experimental staphylococcal infections; the problem of staphylococcal infections. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1956 Aug 31;65(3):58–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1956.tb36623.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. MCDERMOTT W. The problem of staphylococcal infection. Br Med J. 1956 Oct 13;2(4997):837–840. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4997.837. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. METZGER J. F., FUSILLO M. H., ROERIG R. N., ERNST K. Phage typing of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci. III, Infection, cross-infection and superinfection. N Engl J Med. 1954 Jun 17;250(24):1030–1033. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195406172502404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. METZGER W. I. In vitro response of clinical isolates at Cook County Hospital to antimicrobial drugs: a one-year survey. Antibiot Annu. 1958;6:966–971. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. MIYAHARA B. T., CARIKER K., CLAPPER W. E. Cross-resistance in staphylococci and the effect of combinations of antibiotics on resistant strains. J Lab Clin Med. 1953 Apr;41(4):550–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. MONRO J. A., MARKHAM N. P. Staphylococcal infection in mothers and infants: maternal breast abscesses and antecedent neonatal sepsis. Lancet. 1958 Jul 26;2(7039):186–190. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(58)91528-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. MYERS R. M., ACHAYA K. Antibiotic sensitivity tests as a part of routine service in diagnostic bacteriology. Indian J Med Sci. 1960 Feb;14:130–134. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. NEEDHAM G. M., NICHOLS D. R. Recent changes in sensitivity of Micrococcus pyogenes to various antibiotic agents. J Lab Clin Med. 1953 Jan;41(1):150–156. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. NELSON M. G. Neonatal infection. Ulster Med J. 1952 May;21(1):36–48. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. NICHOLS D. R., NEEDHAM G. M. Aureomycin in the treatment of penicillin-resistant staphylococcic bacteremia. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1949 Jun 8;24(12):309–316. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. OEDING P., AUSTARHEIM K. The occurrence of staphylococci in the intestinal content after treatment with antibiotics; a bacteriological and anatomical study of routine autopsy material. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1954;35(5):473–483. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1954.tb00895.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. OEDING P. Examinations on penicillin resistant, serologically homogeneous staphylococci isolated from human mastitis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1952;31(2):145–163. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1952.tb04850.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. OEDING P., OSTERVOLD B. The stability of Oxford Staphylococcus H and other penicillin reference strains. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1959;46:149–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00327.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. ORTEL S. Die Phagentypen bei penicillinempfindlichen, penicillinresistenten und mehrfach antibiotikaresistenten Staphylokokken. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig. 1958 Jul;172(1-2):44–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. PAREDES L., VACCARO H., VALENZUELA E. In vitro sensitivity of 300 strains of Micrococcus pyogenes isolated from carriers to seven antibiotics; the problem of the resistant Staphylococci in Chile. Antibiot Annu. 1955;3:623–633. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. PARKER M. T., TOMLINSON A. J., WILLIAMS R. E. Impetigo contagiosa; the association of certain types of Staphylococcus aureus and of Streptococcus pyogenes with superficial skin infections. J Hyg (Lond) 1955 Dec;53(4):458–473. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400000966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. PARMALA M. E. Activities of micrococci; analysis of 150 strains. II. Antibiotic sensitivity. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1956;34(2):147–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. PARMALA M. E. The antibiotic sensitivity of Micrococci isolated from pyoderma. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1953;31(Suppl):291–294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. PAYNE D. J. Staphylococcal cystitis in a gynaecological ward. J Clin Pathol. 1959 May;12(3):286–288. doi: 10.1136/jcp.12.3.286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. PETERSDORF R. G., CURTIN J. A., BENNETT I. L., Jr The sensitivity of two hundred strains of hemolytic Staphylococcus to a series of antibiotics. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1957 Dec;100(6):927–936. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1957.00260120071008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. PLUECKHAHN V. D., BANKS J. The ubiquitous Staphylococcus. Med J Aust. 1958 May 17;45(20):664–667. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1958.tb86670.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. PRIEST J. H., SIMON A. J., LEPPE M. H. Aerobic bacterial flora of the throat of children given prophylactic antibiotics. The influence of penicillin and tetracycline on the occurrence of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus; Streptococcus pyogenes, Diplococcus pneumoniae, and Hemophilus influenzae. Am J Dis Child. 1960 Jul;100:74–84. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1960.04020040076012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. PRISSICK F. H. Antibiotic-resistant staphylococci and related infections. Am J Med Sci. 1953 Mar;225(3):299–319. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. PUTZ T. K. Uber das Vorkommen des penicillinresistenten Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus in der Luft der Säuglingsabteilung, zugleich ein Beitrag zum Geneseproblem der Mastitis puerperalis. Arch Gynakol. 1953 Oct;182(6):783–792. doi: 10.1007/BF00981041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. RANSMEIER J. C., BROWN H. E., DAVIS N. Comparison of in vitro sensitivity of freshly isolated pathogenic bacteria to terramycin and other antibiotics. J Lab Clin Med. 1951 Oct;38(4):620–630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. RANTZ L. A., RANTZ H. H. Sensitivity of various clinically important bacteria to four antibiotics; results obtained with a plate screening method. Stanford Med Bull. 1953 Aug;11(3):183–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. RANTZ L. A., RANTZ H. H. Sensitivity of various clinically important bacteria to seven antibiotics. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1956 Jun;97(6):694–702. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1956.00250240046004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. REES E. G., SHOOTER R. A., SHAWE G. D. Sensitivity of five antibiotics of a further 200 strains of Staph. pyogenes isolated from out-patients. Br Med J. 1955 Jun 11;1(4927):1409–1410. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4927.1409. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. REISS E., PULASKI E. J., AMSPACHER W. H., CONTRERAS A. A. Penicillin sensitivity of staphylococci. N Engl J Med. 1952 Apr 17;246(16):611–612. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195204172461604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. RICE W. G., LONERGAN A. M. Penicillin resistant staphylococci. Am J Clin Pathol. 1949 Nov;19(11):1083–1088. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/19.11_ts.1083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. RIPPON J. E., VOGELSANG T. M. Carriage of pathogenic staphylococci in the upper respiratory tract of children. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1956;39(4):284–296. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1956.tb03403.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. ROLINSON G. N., STEVENS S., BATCHELOR F. R., WOOD J. C., CHAIN E. B. Bacteriological studies on a new penicillin-BRL. 1241. Lancet. 1960 Sep 10;2(7150):564–567. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)91642-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. ROODYN L. Epidemiology of staphylococcal infections. J Hyg (Lond) 1960 Mar;58:1–10. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400038080. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. ROODYN L. Staphylococcal infections in general practice. Proc R Soc Med. 1956 May;49(5):263–266. doi: 10.1177/003591575604900506. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. ROODYN L. Staphylococcal infections in general practice. Proc R Soc Med. 1956 May;49(5):263–266. doi: 10.1177/003591575604900506. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. ROUNTREE P. H., HESELTINE M., RHEUBEN J., SHEARMAN R. P. Control of staphylococcal infection of the newborn by the treatment of nasal carriers in the staff. Med J Aust. 1956 Mar 31;43(13):528–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. ROUNTREE P. M., BARBOUR R. G. H. Incidence of penicillin-resistant and streptomycin-resistant staphylococci in a hospital. Lancet. 1951 Feb 24;1(6652):435–436. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)92031-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. ROUNTREE P. M., BARBOUR R. G. H. Nasal carrier rates of Staphylococcus pyogenes in hospital nurses. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1951 Apr;63(2):313–324. doi: 10.1002/path.1700630213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. ROUNTREE P. M., BARBOUR R. G. H. Staphylococcus pyogenes in new-born babies in a maternity hospital. Med J Aust. 1950 Apr 22;1(16):525–528. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. ROUNTREE P. M. Cross-infection of surgical wounds. Med J Aust. 1951 Dec 8;2(23):766–769. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. ROUNTREE P. M., FREEMAN B. M., BARBOUR R. G. Nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus in the general population and its relationship to hospitalization and to penicillin therapy. Med J Aust. 1954 Sep 18;2(12):457–460. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1954.tb66677.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. ROUNTREE P. M. Staphylococci harboured by people in western highlands of New Guinea. Lancet. 1956 May 19;270(6925):719–720. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(56)90747-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. ROUNTREE P. M., THOMSON E. F. Incidence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococci in a hospital. Lancet. 1952 Aug 9;2(6728):262–265. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(52)92380-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. ROUNTREE P. M., THOMSON E. F. Incidence of penicillin-resistant and streptomycin-resistant staphylococci in a hospital. Lancet. 1949 Sep 17;2(6577):501–504. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(49)90168-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. ROUX P. Staphylococcus aureus infections; their epidemiological importance and antibiotic reactions. S Afr J Lab Clin Med. 1958 Mar;4(1):73–81. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. RUYS A. C., BEEUWKES H., KOOPMANS K. R., SIBINGA MULDER J. Studies on the epidemiology of furunculosis in miners. Trop Geogr Med. 1958 Jun;10(2):142–148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. RUYS A. C. Het voorkomen van bepaalde typen van staphylococci in Nederland. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1957 Feb 23;101(8):355–356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. SAINT-MARTIN M., SONEA S., DESJARDINS R., FRAPPIER A. Studies on pathogenic staphylococcal infections. II. Incidence of penicillin-resistant strains in young healthy carriers and in clinical infections treated and not treated with penicillin. Can J Public Health. 1954 May;45(5):202–207. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. SCHMIDT B. Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung von Staphylokokken in Krankenhäusern. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig. 1957 Nov;170(1-5):119–129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. SCHNEIERSON S. S. Comparative sensitivity to penicillin and erythromycin of 505 strains of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus isolated during 1953 and 1954. Antibiotic Med Clin Ther (New York) 1955 Aug;1(8):442–445. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. SHAFFER T. E., SYLVESTER R. F., Jr, BALDWIN J. N., RHEINS M. S. Staphylococcal infections in newborn infants. II. Report of 19 epidemics caused by an identical strain of staphylococcus pyogenes. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1957 Aug;47(8):990–994. doi: 10.2105/ajph.47.8.990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. SHWACHMAN H., CROCKER A. C. Aureomycin therapy in the pulmonary involvement of pancreatic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis). N Engl J Med. 1949 Aug 4;241(5):185–192. doi: 10.1056/NEJM194908042410501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. SMITH H. W., CRABB W. E. Antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococci from noses of veterinary surgeons and farmers. Lancet. 1960 Sep 3;2(7149):515–516. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. SPINK W. W. Clinical and biologic significance of penicillin-resistant staphylococci, including observations with streptomycin, aureomycin, chloramphenicol, and terramycin. J Lab Clin Med. 1951 Feb;37(2):278–293. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. SPINK W. W. Staphylococcal infections and the problem of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1954 Aug;94(2):167–196. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1954.00250020001001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. SPINK W. W. The clinical problem of antimicrobial resistant staphylococci. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1956 Aug 31;65(3):175–190. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1956.tb36637.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. SPITTLEHOUSE K. E. Phage-types of Staphylococcus pyogenes isolated from impetigo and sycosis barbae. Lancet. 1955 Aug 20;269(6886):378–378. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92359-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. SUMMERS G. A. C. Penicillin-resistant staphylococci; distribution among out patients. Lancet. 1952 Jan 19;1(6699):135–137. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(52)92432-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. SYLVESTER J. C., GRUNDY W. E. Staphylococcal carrier studies. I. Characteristics of strains from hospital personnel. Antibiot Annu. 1958;6:972–976. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. THOMPSON B. A., SCHWABACHER H. The incidence of penicillin-resistant staphylococci in a semi-closed community. J Clin Pathol. 1951 Aug;4(3):350–354. doi: 10.1136/jcp.4.3.350. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. THOMPSON M. E., GILLESPIE W. A. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by nurses. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1958 Apr;75(2):351–355. doi: 10.1002/path.1700750213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. UMBREIT W. W. Mechanisms of antibacterial action. Pharmacol Rev. 1953 Sep;5(3):275–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. VALENTINE F. C. O., HALL-SMITH S. P. Superficial staphylococcal infection. Lancet. 1952 Aug 23;2(6730):351–354. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(52)92245-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. VALENZUELA PIZARRO E., VACCARO H. Sensibilidad de 688 cepas de Micrococcus pyogenes (Staphylococcus) a cinco antibióticos; estudio comparativo de las cepas resistentes aisladas en los años 1951 y 1953. Rev Med Chil. 1954 Jun;82(6):356–361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. VOGELSANG T. M., BOE J. Penicillin-resistant staphylococci. III. Increasing incidence of resistant strains during stay in hospital. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Suppl. 1952 Jun;93:349–355. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. VOUREKA A., HUGHES W. H. Frequency of penicillin-resistant staphylococci. Br Med J. 1949 Mar 5;1(4600):395–395. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4600.395. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. WAISBREN B. A. The sensitivity of staphylococci to antibiotics; a five-year study of sensitivity, usage, and cross resistance in a general hospital. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1958 Feb;101(2):397–406. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1958.00260140229033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. WALLACE G. D., QUISENBERRY W. B., DE HARNE M. A. Preliminary report of human staphylococcal infection associated with mastitis in dairv cattle. Public Health Rep. 1960 May;75:457–460. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. WALLMARK G., LAURELL G. Phage typing of Staphylococcus aureus some bacteriological and clinical observations. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1952;30(1):109–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. WALLMARK G., MELIN G. Bacteriophage-typing of Staphylococcus aureus pyogenes. IV. An analysis of strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of infants in a maternity hospital. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1954;34(6):585–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. WELCH H. Antibiotics in food preservation; public health and regulatory aspects. Science. 1957 Dec 6;126(3284):1159–1161. doi: 10.1126/science.126.3284.1159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. WENTWORTH F. H., MILLER A. L., WENTWORTH B. B. Hospital-acquired staphylococcal disease and the community. Public Health Rep. 1958 Dec;73(12):1092–1095. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. WHITE A., HEMMERLY T., MARTIN M. P., KNIGHT V. Studies on the origin of drug-resistant staphylococci in a mental hospital. Am J Med. 1959 Jul;27(1):26–39. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(59)90058-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. WILLIAMS R. E., JEVONS M. P., SHOOTER R. A., HUNTER C. J., GIRLING J. A., GRIFFITHS J. D., TAYLOR G. W. Nasal staphylococci and sepsis in hospital patients. Br Med J. 1959 Oct 10;2(5153):658–662. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5153.658. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. WILSON R., COCKCROFT W. H. The problem of penicillin resistant staphylococcal infection. Can Med Assoc J. 1952 Jun;66(6):548–551. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. WISE R. I., CRANNY C., SPINK W. W. Epidemiologic studies on antibiotic-resistant strains of Micrococcus pyogenes. Am J Med. 1956 Feb;20(2):176–184. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(56)90187-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. WYSHAM D. N., KIRBY W. M. Micrococcic (staphylococcic) infections in a general hospital. J Am Med Assoc. 1957 Aug 17;164(16):1733–1739. doi: 10.1001/jama.1957.02980160005002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Wrong N. M. Penicillin Therapy in Skin Infections. Can Med Assoc J. 1945 Apr;52(4):341–345. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Bulletin of the World Health Organization are provided here courtesy of World Health Organization

RESOURCES