Abstract
[Purpose] Proper pelvic floor function is important to avoid serious dysfunctions including incontinence, prolapse, and sexual problems. The current study evaluated the knowledge of young nulliparous women about their pelvic floor and identified what additional information they wanted. [Subjects and Methods] In this cross-sectional survey, a validated, 36 item questionnaire was distributed to 212 nulliparous women. The questionnaire addressed demography, pelvic floor muscles, pelvic floor dysfunction, and possible information sources. Descriptive statistics were generated for all variables. Stability and validity testing were performed using Kappa statistics and intra class correlation coefficients to define agreement for each question. The study was approved by the ethics Committee (B300201318334). [Results] Using a VAS scale (0 to 10), the women rated their knowledge about the pelvic floor as a mean of 2.4 (SD 2.01). A total of 93% of the women were insufficiently informed and requested more information; 25% had concerns about developing urinary incontinence, and 14% about fecal incontinence. Many of the women were unaware what pelvic floor training meant. [Conclusion] There was a significant lack of knowledge about pelvic floor function among nulliparous women. The majority of nulliparous women expressed a need for education, which might offer a way to reduce dysfunction.
Key words: Knowledge, Nulliparity, Pelvic floor disorders
INTRODUCTION
The pelvic floor (PF) is a well-defined muscular structure that plays a role in several important urological, gynecological, gastroenterological, and pulmonary functions1,2,3,4,5). Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) can lead to mild or even devastating consequences such as urinary incontinence (UI), fecal incontinence (FI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and sexual problems6). The major known risk factors that contribute to PFD are pregnancy and childbirth, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and menopause1, 7,8,9,10).
While pelvic floor training (PFT) is very effective to treat deficient pelvic floor muscles (PFM), clinicians should focus on the prevention of PFD11,12,13). Research has suggested that knowledge about PF may be lacking in adult women9); therefore, we designed this study to assess women’s knowledge. Improvement in knowledge is necessary to influence care-seeking behavior14) and can improve compliance with PFT treatment recommendations15). One study demonstrated that women who attended information sessions were more likely to execute routine pelvic floor muscle exercises16), which is known to be both the first line for the prevention of and treatment for PFD13).
The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the knowledge of pelvic floor function in young nulliparous women.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
A descriptive cross-sectional design was used for this study. The study was conducted in a population of young nulliparous (NP) women. Inclusion criteria were women with Dutch proficiency, aged between 18 and 27 years of age, who had never been pregnant. Purposive sampling was performed17): participants were recruited from students of non-medical oriented bachelor educations and their friends. Data were recorded anonymously and written informed consent was obtained.
To develop our own questionnaire (Appendix 1), several physicians worked intensively on item generation, reduction, and sampling to redundancy18), according to ‘the Delphi process’17), during five brainstorming sessions, which were inspired by individual interviews with patients.
The questionnaire consisted of 36 questions: 5 on demographic characteristics, 6 on PF structure and function, 12 on PFD and risk factors, 3 on sexual (dys)function, 4 on PFT, 5 on education and gathering of information, and 1 on concerns about PF. A rendering of a female body was included in order to evaluate the participants’ topographical knowledge.
The questions were phrased in a socially and culturally sensitive manner, and complex terminology was avoided. Succinct and unbiased response formats, “open” (free text) as well as “closed” (structured)18), were used (depending on the information we intended to gather). In addition, indecisive response options (e.g., “I don’t know” and “other”) were included to enhance the response rates18, 19). Five questions were open ended, in order to gather information and thoughts; these answers were divided into categories to report the information. Validity testing was performed through expert opinion from four involved experts (two urologists, one pelvic floor therapist, and one gynecologist), and three independent experts (a gynecologist, a gastroenterologist and a general practitioner) tested the questionnaire for content validity.
Face validity18) was assessed in a pilot study with 18 independent volunteers, in order to evaluate whether respondents interpreted questions in a consistent manner20), to judge the appropriateness of each included question, and to record the time required to complete the questionnaire. Test-retest reliabilit and stability testing were performed within a span of 2–4 days to avoid having the subjects learn the answers. Criterion and construct validity were not assessed because no other scales exist with which this questionnaire could be compared.
Descriptive statistics were generated. Stability and validity testing were performed by using Kappa statistics and intra class correlation coefficients to define agreement for each question. SPSS 20.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. Approval was granted by the local Ethics Committee (B300201318334).
RESULTS
Test–retest reliability: Fifteen participants completed the questionnaire two times. A total of 89% of the questions had a k>0.80, indicating perfect agreement, and 9% had a k value between 0.61 and 0.80, indicating substantial agreement. Only 2% of the questions had a k<0.40, indicating slight or fair agreement. For the items scored on a visual analogue scale, there was a high agreement (ICC=0.92) between test-retest answers.
The content-validity and face-validity of the questionnaire were assessed by the experts and untrained volunteers. They indicated that the questions were well interpreted, measured what they were intended to, and that the content assessed all fundamental aspects of PFM and PFD. All of the women included returned the questionnaire, for an actual response rate of 100%. The time required to complete the questionnaire ranged from 10 to 20 minutes.
Demographic characteristics of participants: A total of 212 NP women (mean age 21.6; range 18–27 years old) were included. The highest achieved degree of education was Elementary School in two (1%), High School in 106 (50%), and bachelor’s or master’s degree in 104 (49%). All women were of European nationality, 211 women were of Caucasian race, and one of black race. All had a gravidity and parity status of zero.
Pelvic floor structure and function: Almost all of the NP women (193 [93%]) knew that the PF contains muscles and almost all the women (187 [92%]) located the PF correctly on the figure of the female body. Seventeen (8%) located the PF in the abdomen or at the caput femoris.
Approximately 73% (155) of the participants knew at least one function of the PF, and 43% (91) knew more than one function. The closure function (115 [56%]) and the support function (91 [44%]) were the most widely known functions. Only 20 women (10%) knew about the role of the PF in sexual function.
Almost all participants (190 [90%]) were aware that PFM can be consciously contracted, and most (116 [57%]) answered that they make an inward lifting and/or a pinching movement to contract. Seventy-five NP women (37%) answered that the PFM also involves an outward pushing movement. A great proportion of the women (121 [58%]) did not know how many openings there are in the female PF. Only 13% (28) of the women correctly answered “three” and were able to name them.
The answers to the questions regarding the most important causes of PFD are shown in Table 1. The results of the questions about the knowledge of the pelvic floor, sexual (dys)function, pelvic floor therapy, and education are shown in Table 2. Only a few participants (6 women [3%]) had done PFT before. On a VAS scale from 0 to 10 (0: no knowledge; 10 expert in the domain), the women rated their general knowledge about the PF as a mean of 2.4 (SD 2.01; min 0; max 9.3). The results on the educational levels of the participants and their interest in additional information are presented in Table 2. Most of the participants (168 [81%]) had never received information about the PF. The participants who had been educated about the PF were informed between the ages of 18 to 20, either at school or from relatives. A quarter of the women (50 [25%]) expressed a concern about urinary incontinence, and 28 (14%) about fecal incontinence.
Table 1. Reply to the question “most important causes of pelvic floor dysfunction” N (%).
| Vaginal delivery | 119 (57.2%) |
| Pregnancy | 104 (50%) |
| Surgery on urinary tract, uterus or abdominal organs | 98 (47.1%) |
| Obesity | 88 (42.3%) |
| Pushing during voiding | 72 (34.8%) |
| Heredity | 57 (27.4%) |
| Constipation | 31 (14.9%) |
| Abuse of alcohol | 16 (7.7%) |
| Caesarean | 11 (5.3%) |
| Smoking | 6 (2.9%) |
Number of participants=208 (4 missing).
Table 2. Reply to the questions about pelvic floor, sexual (dys)function, pelvic floor therapy and education.
| Item/question | N (m) | Results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n “I don’t know” (%) |
n “Yes” (%) |
n “No” (%) |
||
| Knowledge of Pelvic Floor | ||||
| Is conscious control of PFM possible? | 212 (0) | 20 (9.4%) | 190 (89.6%) | 2 (0.9%) |
| Occasional leakage of urine? | 211 (1) | 28 (13.3%) | 69 (32.7%) | 114 (54.0%) |
| Urine leakage during sports? | 210 (2) | 45 (21.4%) | 70 (33.3%) | 95 (45.2%) |
| Precautionary use of a pad? | 210 (2) | 22 (10.5%) | 121 (57.6%) | 67 (31.9%) |
| PFM weakness after delivery? | 212 (0) | 34 (16%) | 169 (79.7%) | 9 (4.2%) |
| Pain after delivery? | ||||
| Immediately pp | 212 (0) | 56 (26.4%) | 149 (70.3%) | 7 (3.3%) |
| 1 month pp | 211 (1) | 92 (43.6%) | 71 (33.6%) | 48 (22.7%) |
| 6 months pp | 211 (1) | 80 (37.9%) | 5 (2.4) | 126 (59.7%) |
| UI after delivery? | ||||
| Immediately pp | 212 (0) | 44 (20.8%) | 154 (72.6%) | 14 (6.6%) |
| 1 month pp | 211 (1) | 72 (34.1%) | 73 (34.6%) | 66 (31.3%) |
| 6 months pp | 211 (1) | 69 (32.7%) | 28 (13.3%) | 114 (54.0%) |
| FI after delivery? | ||||
| Immediately pp | 212 (0) | 51 (24.1%) | 76 (35.8%) | 85 (40.1%) |
| 1 month pp | 212 (0) | 52 (24.5%) | 4 (1.9%) | 156 (73.6%) |
| 6 months pp | 212 (0) | 45 (21.2%) | 2 (0.9%) | 165 (77.8%) |
| Dyspareunia after delivery normal? | ||||
| 1 month pp | 210 (2) | 61 (29.0%) | 128 (61.0%) | 21 (10.0%) |
| 6 months pp | 211 (1) | 62 (29.4%) | 23 (10.9%) | 125 (59.2%) |
| Knowledge about the sexual (dys)function of PFM | ||||
| Do the PFM play a role in orgasm? | 210 (2) | 57 (27.1%) | 135 (64.3%) | 18 (8.6%) |
| UI during sexual intercourse? | 211 (1) | 69 (32.7%) | 27 (12.8%) | 115 (54.5%) |
| Occasional dyspareunia? | 211 (1) | 35 (16.6%) | 120 (56.9%) | 56 (26.5%) |
| Continuous dyspareunia? | 211 (1) | 30 (14.2%) | 13 (6.2%) | 168 (79.6%) |
| Knowledge about pelvic floor therapy | ||||
| Is prenatal physiotherapy useful? | 211 (1) | 35 (16.6%) | 166 (78.7%) | 10 (4.7%) |
| Is postnatal physiotherapy useful? | 211 (1) | 17 (8.1%) | 188 (89.1%) | 6 (2.8%) |
| Do you know what PFT means? | 207 (5) | 0 | 15 (7.2%) | 192 (92.8%) |
| Ever followed PFT? | 208 (4) | 0 | 6 (2.9%) | 202 (97.1%) |
| Education and gathering of information about the topic | ||||
| Ever received information? | 208 (4) | 0 | 40 (19.2%) | 168 (80.8%) |
| Ever searched for information? | 205 (7) | 0 | 8 (3.9%) | 197 (96.1%) |
| Sufficiently informed? | 205 (7) | 0 | 15 (7.3%) | 190 (92.7%) |
| Interested in more information? | 206 (6) | 0 | 191 (92.7%) | 15 (7.3%) |
N: number of participants, m: missing items, n: number of answers, PFM: pelvic floor muscles, pp: postpartum, UI: urinary incontinence, FI: fecal incontinence, PFT: pelvic floor training
Table 3 presents the results of the most expected consequences of pregnancy and delivery. Dividing those consequences into three categories—urinary, fecal and sexual—we found that only 9% (19) of the women expected consequences in all three categories. The majority of the participants (153 [89%]) knew that vaginal delivery, prolonged labor, and forceps delivery could be risk factors for PFD. Most of the participants (148 [86%]) thought that a perineal rupture could cause a more severe lesion of the PFM than an episiotomy. Most of the women answered that “the vagina” tears during a perineal tear. For the majority of the participants (158 [75%]) “pelvic organ prolapse” or “sagging in the little pelvis” was unknown. The participants were not aware which organs could descend into the pelvis.
Table 3. Reply to the question “consequences of pregnancy/delivery” N (%).
| Urinary incontinence | 147 (80.2%) |
| Pain in the pelvic floor | 109 (59.3%) |
| Pain during intercourse | 94 (51.1%) |
| Gapping vagina | 84 (45.9%) |
| Diminished orgasm during intercourse | 39 (21.4%) |
| Stool problems | 26 (14.3%) |
| Flatulence | 18 (9.9%) |
Number of participants=183 (29).
DISCUSSION
The high prevalence rates of PFD in women are an important medical and socio-economical problem21). Women are reluctant to seek help even when they have PFD21). The present study evaluated the knowledge of nulliparous women about the PFM and their role in PFD, the possible treatment options, and the women’s interest in specific education on the topic.
Pregnancy and childbirth have been shown to be important risk factors for PFD in women1, 10). Three quarters of young NP women are well aware of at least one of these risk factors and answered that during the 6 months postpartum (PP), these problems would become less frequent than during the immediate PP period, which is realistic. Nevertheless, one out of three participants has no idea (or even a too negative idea) about the prognosis of PFD after childbirth, which is a large proportion. Other researchers have examined this aspect of knowledge about PFD in great deal22, 23). In this study, our questionnaire posed the question whether an episiotomy or perineal rupture would cause more damage and results in worse outcomes to the PFM. It appeared that 86% of the participants believed that a rupture has a more negative outcome compared to an episiotomy, which is clearly in contrast to the most recent research evidence22,23,24).
Some of the questions were unanswered by a large proportion of the women, e.g. questions about the forceps/spoons, the vacuum delivery, or even prolapse. We suspect these data were missing because the women did not understand the question, as they have no first-hand knowledge of these topics.
Mellville et al. found an interesting relationship between knowledge and behavior; women who believe that the cause of their UI is out of their control (e.g. part of being female, due to childbirth) may believe that nothing can be done to treat it15). They did not, however, investigate the influence of prevention. Hermansen et al. showed that 76% of women who experienced UI after delivery were convinced that they had become incontinent due to weakened PFM and because they had not performed sufficient PFM exercises25). One may assume that knowledge about PFM and PFD could positively affect care-seeking behavior. Our study shows that young NP women lack such knowledge. Therefore, education about PFM and PFD could be of major importance in NP women, before they become pregnant and deliver.
Our results show that most NP women expect that pregnancy and delivery will have a negative impact on women’s sexuality. A great proportion of the women thought that UI and dyspareunia were normal. Most women acknowledged the role of the PFM in the sexual function. Previous research has revealed that women of all ages are not likely to discuss intimate problems such as sexual dysfunction or UI during intercourse26). The overall prevalence of dyspareunia and other sexual disorders varies between 4% and 42%27,28,29), depending on the source and on the applied definition. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women below 30 years was found to be elevated compared to women between 30 and 40 years30). Approximately 60% of our participants believed occasional dyspareunia was normal, which is a very high number and indicates that correct health-related information is needed31). Nevertheless, we should be careful in our conclusions; the number of questions on sexual dysfunction could have been be too sparse in this survey to create a clear sight on the actual perceptions about this topic in young nulliparous women. In addition, we did not query for cultural and social influences.
Almost all of the women expressed the need for more information, and simultaneously acknowledged that they had not actively searched for information on their own. This might be explained, on one hand, by the small number of PFD that one could expect in such population, and on the other hand, as a sign of the existing taboo about discussing these concerns, which was mentioned above. To the best of our knowledge, no similar research has been performed in a large group of young NP women. However, previous research has revealed that 64% of pregnant women actively consulted at least one source of information about PFD16), and that information given by a doctor has a profound influence on knowledge and anxiety; women who received information about PFD from their doctor had better knowledge and less anxiety about PFD32). In addition, it has been shown that information given verbally has a more profound influence than written information32). Education about PFM and PFT was shown to enhance women’s knowledge about this topic for longer periods2, 31, 33,34,35). Unfortunately, no comparable information is available in NP women. Surprisingly, the NP women in our study expressed high thrust in pre and post-natal physiotherapy, and at the same time stated that they had very little knowledge about it.
Only a small percentage of the NP women expressed anxiety or fear about pelvic floor dysfunction. This might be a consequence of the lack of knowledge. Previous studies have shown that anxiety can lead to exacerbating complaints and make women more vulnerable to the experience of PFD36). The low levels of anxiety among NP women may be reassuring, unless that such fear becomes more serious during actual pregnancy and delivery.
The strengths of our study are the large number of participants, high response rate, and use of an extended, psychometrically validated survey, with open and closed answers, as well as indecisive response options.
We should acknowledge that the results gathered by this study only deliver observational information about the knowledge of these women. For approximately ten questions, a correct answer reflected good knowledge, but for the remaining questions, no clear right or wrong answer existed. We did not collect prospective data about these women. We have reviewed the current literature about possible preventive measures, but with these results, we cannot yet validate the proposed ways of prevention. Therefore, we believe that future research on this topic is necessary to study the best ways to educate NP women, and to determine whether educational campaigns have the intended impact on preventing PFD in women of all ages.
We believe that better general education on this topic is mandatory, preferably given earlier in life (during school), or before women are exposed to PFD risk factors such as pregnancy and delivery (pre-pregnancy education). The main purpose should be to make information easily available and accessible to all.
One shortcoming of this study may be that the participants were almost all highly-educated and medium-educated young women of Belgian ethnicity. Although recent research has revealed that general education is not correlated with good health literacy and disease understanding37), more research in women with different demographic characteristics would help determine how generalizable our findings are.
This survey in nulliparous women showed poor knowledge and considerable concerns about PF-related function/dysfunction. The vast majority of the women surveyed expressed the need for more information. We believe that women should be better educated in order to promote the implementation of pelvic floor muscle exercises to prevent dysfunctions. Future research should be conducted to assess the most effective ways to deliver education and promote these preventive measures.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all the women who participated in this study, all the pelvic floor therapists, and the three independent experts Prof. Y. Jacquemyn, Prof. H. De Schepper and dr. K. Hendrickx. Gratitude also to dr. K. Wouters, for her advice and help in the statistical analysis. Finally we would like to thank the Sirate 32 foundation for their practical help.
Appendix 1
Questionnaire
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